Editing 1553 (section)

== Events ==
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===January&ndash;March===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Metz (1552)|siege of Metz]] in France, started by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] during the [[Italian War of 1551–59]] on October 19 last<ref>Victor Duruy, ''A Short History of France'' (J. M. Dent & sons, Ltd. 1918) p.501</ref> is lifted after 75 days. During the city's  defense by the [[Francis, Duke of Guise|Duke of Guise]] and 6,000 soldiers, Charles V had lost two-thirds of his original force  of at least 20,000 men.<ref>Robert Knecht, ''The Valois Kings of France 1328-1589'' (Bloomsbury Academic, 2007) p.149 ("By the time Charles V lifted the siege, on 2 January 1553, his army had dwindled to a third of its original size.")</ref>
* [[February 17]] &ndash; In [[India]], [[Timmaraja Wodeyar II]] becomes the sixth [[maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (a vassal state of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]), after the death of his father, the Maharaja [[Chamaraja Wodeyar III]]. 
* [[February 21]] &ndash; Lieutenant General Luis Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio temporarily serves as the [[List of viceroys of Naples|Spanish Viceroy of Naples]] (in modern-day Italy) upon the death of his father, [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]]. Luis steps down after [[Pedro Pacheco de Villena]] is appointed as the new Viceroy in June.
* [[March 1]] &ndash; The second (and last) session of the Parliament of England during the reign of King Edward VI is opened by the King at Westminster and lasts until March 31. Sir [[James Dyer]] serves during the session as Speaker of the House of Commons.<ref>''Encyclopedia of Tudor England'', ed. by John A. Wagner, et al. (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p.12</ref>

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa]], leader of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in modern-day [[Iraq]], is recognized by [[Pope Julius III]] as the Patriarch of [[Mosul]].<ref>David Wilmshurst, ''The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913'' (Peeters Publishers, 2000) pp.21–22</ref>  
* [[May 12]] &ndash;  [[St Albans]], in [[Kingdom of England|England]], receives its first [[royal charter]] as a borough.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Townson |first1=E. W. |title=St. Albans & Its Pageant: Being the Official Souvenir of the Pageant Held July, 1907 |date=1907 |publisher=Smith's printing agency |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08osAAAAYAAJ&dq=st+albans+%22may+1553%22&pg=PA25 |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mason |first1=Frederick B. |title=Gibbs' illustrated handbook to St. Albans |date=1884 |publisher=Gibbs & Bamforth |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAoHAAAAQAAJ&dq=st+albans+%22may+1553%22&pg=PA35 |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 25]] &ndash; Lady [[Jane Grey]], a 16-year-old first cousin of King Edward VI of England, marries [[Lord Guildford Dudley]], son of the [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|Duke of Northumberland]], who has engineered the marriage.
* [[June 3]] &ndash; The first of the five [[Battles of Kawanakajima]], the "Battle of the Fuse," commences in Japan between [[Takeda Shingen]] of [[Kai Province]] and [[Uesugi Kenshin]] of [[Echigo Province]]. The clash, fought 12 days after Shingen has taken [[Katsurao Castle]], takes place at a shrine of [[Hachiman]] (near modern-day [[Yashiro, Hyōgo|Yashiro]], [[Hyōgo prefecture]]), is part of a major series of conflicts during the Japanese [[Sengoku period]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Turnbull (historian) |title=The Samurai Sourcebook |publisher=Cassell & Co. |year=1998 |isbn=1-85409-523-4 |page=212}}</ref>
* [[June 15]] &ndash; On his deathbed, King Edward summons prominent English judges and signs his devise of the throne to Lady Jane Grey.
* [[June 21]] &ndash; Under threats from the Duke of Northumberland, the devise by King Edward to make Jane Grey the heir to the throne is signed by over 100 prominent persons.
* [[June 26]] &ndash; Two new schools, [[Christ's Hospital]]<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the School|url=https://www.christs-hospital.org.uk/about-ch/history-of-the-school/|website=Christ's Hospital|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><ref>https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/chartered-bodies/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621160229/https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/chartered-bodies/ |date=June 21, 2019 }} retrieved 24 Mar 2017</ref> and [[King Edward's School, Witley]], are created by [[royal charter]] in accordance with the will of King [[Edward VI of England]]; [[St Thomas' Hospital]], London, in existence since the 12th century, is named in the same charter.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2002 |url=http://www.gktgazette.com/2002/feb/features.asp#3 |title=St Thomas's Hospital – A Concise History |work=gkt gazette |publisher=Guy's, King's & St. Thomas's Hospitals Medical & Dental Schools |archive-date=25 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025233419/http://www.gktgazette.com/2002/feb/features.asp#3 }}</ref>

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July 6]] &ndash; King [[Edward VI|King Edward VI of England]] dies at the age of 15 after a reign of only six years. 
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Sievershausen]]: [[Prince-elector]] [[Maurice, Elector of Saxony|Maurice of Saxony]] defeats the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] forces of [[Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach|Margrave Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach]]. Maurice is mortally wounded.<ref name="Lindsay1999">{{cite book|author=Thomas M. Lindsay|title=A History of the Reformation, 2 Volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3xKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA506|date=8 October 1999|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-57910-283-8|pages=506}}</ref>
* [[July 10]] &ndash; Four days after the death of her cousin King [[Edward VI of England]], [[Lady Jane Grey]] is proclaimed [[Queen regnant|Queen]] of England &ndash; a position she holds for the next nine days.<ref>{{cite book|author=Derrik Mercer|title=Chronicle of the Royal Family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivo9okUs30wC|date=February 1993|publisher=Chronicle Communications|isbn=978-1-872031-20-0|pages=160–166}}</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; The [[Lord Mayor of London]] proclaims [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] the rightful [[Queen regnant|Queen]], following a change of allegiance by the Privy Council; [[Lady Jane Grey]] voluntarily [[Abdication|abdicates]].<ref name="Tallis2016">{{cite book|author=Nicola Tallis|title=Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10|date=6 December 2016|publisher=Pegasus Books|isbn=978-1-68177-287-5|pages=10–}}</ref>
* [[August 3]] &ndash; Queen [[Mary I of England]] arrives in London from [[East Anglia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tittler |first1=Robert |title=The reign of Mary I |date=1983 |publisher=Longman |pages=8–12|isbn=978-0-582-35333-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/reignofmaryi0000titt/page/12/mode/2up?q=mary |access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]], is tried and convicted of treason for his role in putting his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne.<ref>[[Eric Ives]] (2009): ''Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery'' Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-9413-6}}. Pages 96-7.</ref>
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of England|English]] explorer [[Richard Chancellor]] enters the [[White Sea]] and reaches [[Arkhangelsk]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howorth |first1=Sir Henry Hoyle |title=History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century |date=1880 |publisher=Burt Franklin |isbn=978-0-343-14643-6 |page=491 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJsUAQAAIAAJ&dq=Richard+Chancellor+white+sea+Arkhangelsk+%22august+1553%22&pg=PA491 |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He goes on afterwards to the court of [[Ivan IV of Russia]], opening up trade between England and [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]].
* [[September 23]] &ndash; The [[Sadians]] consolidate their power in [[Morocco]], by defeating the last of their enemies.
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Anglican]] [[bishop]]s in England are arrested, and [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[bishop]]s are restored.

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Şehzade Mustafa]], oldest son of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], is executed in [[Konya]] by order of his father.<ref>[http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/neareast/ne13.html#Suleiman ''A General History of the Middle East'', Chapter 13: Ottoman Era, Suleiman the Magnificent], xenohistorian.faithweb.com; accessed January 8, 2015.</ref>
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Geneva|Geneva's]] governing council [[execution by burning|burns]] [[Michael Servetus]] at the stake as a [[heresy|heretic]].<ref name="michael">{{cite book |last1=Jedin |first1=Hubert |last2=Dolan |first2=John Patrick |title=History of the Church: Reformation and Counter Reformation |date=1980 |publisher=Burns & Oates |isbn=978-0-86012-085-8 |page=382 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJHYAAAAMAAJ&dq=geneva+Michael+Servetus+heretic+%2227+october+1553%22&pg=PA382 |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[Lady Jane Grey]], who had claimed the title of Queen of England for nine days, is convicted of [[high treason]], along with her husband Lord Guilford Dudley, two of Dudley's brothers, and [[Thomas Cranmer]], the former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], after trial conducted by a special commission at [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] in the [[City of London]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 |title=Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey|first=Nicola|last=Tallis|date=6 December 2016|publisher=Pegasus Books|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681772875}}</ref> Referred to by the court as "Jane Dudley, wife of Guildford", Lady Jane is found to have treacherously assumed the title and the power of the monarch of England, as evidenced by a number of documents she had signed as "Jane the Quene". All five defendants are sentenced to death. Beheading is the sentence for the men, while Lady Jane is to either be "burned alive on [[Tower Hill]] or beheaded as the Queen pleases", with the decision (for a private decapitation) to be made by Queen Mary.<ref>{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Ives|author-link=Eric Ives|title=Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery |year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden MA; Oxford UK|isbn=978-1-4051-9413-6 |pages=251–252, 334}}; {{Cite book | last = Bellamy| first = John| title = The Tudor Law of Treason| year =1979 | publisher = Routlegde, Kegan & Paul| place = Toronto | isbn = 0-7100-8729-2 |page=54}}</ref>
* [[November 16]] &ndash; A delegation from the English Parliament formally asks the new queen, Mary I, to choose an English husband rather than to marry Spain's [[Philip II of Spain|Prince Philip]], and suggests [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weikel |first=Ann |location=The Marian Council Revisited |editor1-last=Tittler |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Loach |editor2-first=Jennifer |title=The Mid-Tudor Polity c.1540-1560 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/midtudorpolityc10000unse/54/mode/2up |access-date=2 October 2021	|isbn=9780333245286 |page=53}}</ref> Queen Mary's choice to marry Philip, in the interests of protecting England from an invasion, will ultimately lead to [[Wyatt's rebellion]].
* [[November 17]] (13th waxing of Natdaw 915 ME) &ndash; [[Bayinnaung]], King of Burma, commissions the building of the [[Kanbawzathadi Palace]] in his capital, [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]] (modern-day Bago in Myanmar).<ref>{{cite book | author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=2 | orig-year=1832 | location=Yangon | language=my | year=2003 | publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Myanmar]] |page=281}}</ref> The palace is completed in 1556 but is burned down in 1599.
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Italian War of 1551–1559]]: [[Cosimo I de' Medici]], [[Duke of the Florentine Republic]], signs a secret treaty with [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] to conquer the [[Republic of Siena]] to bring it back into the Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ |title=Reader's Guide to Military History |date=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-95970-8 |editor-last=Messenger |editor-first=Charles |pages=635–636 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Second Margrave War]]: The city of [[Kulmbach]], near Brandenburg in Bavaria in Germany, is sacked and burned to the ground after its margrave, [[Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach|Albert Alcibiades]], makes an unsuccessful attempt to bring all of the Duchy of Franconia under his control.<ref>[http://www.stadt-kulmbach.de/pub/index.php?mid=19 Geschichte der Stadt Kulmbach] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129184824/http://stadt-kulmbach.de/pub/index.php?mid=19 |date=2009-01-29 }} auf der städtischen Homepage</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Tucapel]]: [[Mapuche]] rebels under [[Lautaro]] defeat the Spanish [[conquistador]]s, and execute [[Pedro de Valdivia]], the first [[Royal Governor of Chile]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mapocho |date=1964 |publisher=Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos |page=285 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-IMAAAAIAAJ&q=%2225%20de%20diciembre%20de%201553%22 |volume=2|access-date=6 October 2023 |language=es}}</ref>

===Date unknown===
* [[Tonbridge School]] is founded by Sir [[Andrew Judde]], under [[letters patent]] of [[Edward VI of England]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deane |first1=H.F.W. |last2=Evans |first2=W.A. |title=The Public Schools Year Book |date=1913 |publisher=Year Book Press |location=London |page=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuGQlW8k8MkC&q=Tonbridge+School+patent+Andrew+Judde+%221553%22 |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Eneados|The xiii Bukes of Eneados of the famose Poete Virgill]]'', the first complete translation of any major work of [[classical antiquity]] into one of the [[Anglic languages|English languages]], is published in [[London]].
* In [[Ming dynasty]] China:
** The addition of a new section of the [[Beijing city fortifications#Outer city|Outer City fortifications]] is completed in southern Beijing, bringing the overall size of Beijing to 18 [[square mile]]s (4662 [[hectare]]s).
** [[Shanghai]] is fortified for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bardzińska-Bonenberg |first1=Teresa |title=Games of history and politics – Architecture of great Chinese cities: Shanghai |journal=Czasopismo Techniczne |date=20 January 2016 |volume=8 |issue=14 |pages=5–11 |url=https://www.ejournals.eu/Czasopismo-Techniczne/2015/Architektura-Zeszyt-8-A-(14)-2015/art/6522/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=pl |issn=2353-737X}}</ref>
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