Editing 1548 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III]], ruler of the [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid Sultanate]] in what is now [[Tunisia]] in northern Africa, renews the 1547 treaty of friendship with [[Spain]] that had been signed by representatives of his father.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brogini |first1=Anne |last2=Ghazali |first2=Maria |title= Un enjeu espagnol en Méditerranée : les présides de Tripoli et de La Goulette au XVIe siècle |journal=Crises, Conflicts and Wars in the Mediterranean |date=2005 |volume=1 |issue=70 |page=87 |url= https://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/840 |doi=10.4000/cdlm.840 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[January 19]] &ndash; Three ships from the Portuguese Navy arrive at the port of [[Aden]] to assist Mohammed bin Ali al-Tawlaki, who has been defending the city against an attack by the Ottoman Navy. The Portuguese ships are forced to retreat to [[Zeila]] in Somalia, where 120 survivors are captured and their ships are burned.<ref name=Onalp>{{cite web |author=Ertuğrul Önalp |url=http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis'in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212065805/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis'in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2013 |title=Pîrî Reis'in Hürmüz Seferi ve İdamı Hakkındaki Türk ve Portekiz Tarihçilerinin Düşünceleri |trans-title=The Military Expedition of Piri Reis to Hormuz and the Considerations of Turkish and Portuguese Historians About his Execution |language=Turkish |page=5 |date=12 December 2013 }}</ref>
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Henry II of France|King Henri II]] of [[France]] makes the Châtillon agreement, a contract for [[betrothal]] for an arranged marriage between his four year old son, [[Francis II of France|Prince Francois]], to the five year old [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], to take place in 1558.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guy |first=John |author-link=John Guy (historian) |year=2004 |title=My Heart is My Own |location=London |publisher=Fourth Estate |page=47 |isbn=9781841157528 }}</ref>
* [[January 28]] &ndash; ([[Tenbun]] 17, 30th day of 12th month) [[Uesugi Kenshin|Nagao Kagetora]] (later Uesugi Kenshin) leads a triumphant entry into [[Kasugayama Castle]] in Japan, replacing his older brother [[Nagao Harukage]] as the lead [[samurai]] in the [[Nagao clan]] that rules the [[Echigo Province]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Amassing Economies: The Medieval Origins of Early Modern Japan, 1450–1700 |url={{Google books|M6NEAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |first=Brian|last=Goldsmith |year=2008 |page=183 |isbn=9780549851158 }}</ref>
* [[February 2]] &ndash; On [[Candlemas]] day in [[Scottish term days#Pre-1886|Scotland]], during the [[Rough Wooing]] War with England, the [[Auchencrow#Billie Mains and Tower|Byllye Castle]] near [[Auchencrow]] is captured by a force of 11 English soldiers led by Thomas Carlile, and becomes a garrison for English troops.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol.1 (1898), pages 68-70</ref>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; ([[Tenbun]] 18, 4th day of 1st month) At the [[Battle of Uedahara]], firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in [[Japan]], and [[Takeda Shingen]] is defeated by [[Murakami Yoshikiyo]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mitsuo Kure|title=Samurai: An Illustrated History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMbXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT454|date=25 November 2014|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1490-6|pages=454}}</ref>
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The Ottoman Navy, led by Admiral [[Piri Reis|Ahmed Muhiddin Piri]] (commonly known as Piri Reis), recaptures Aden.<ref name=Onalp/>
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Lê Trung Tông (Revival Lê dynasty)|Le Trung Tong]] becomes the new [[List of monarchs of Vietnam|Emperor]] of [[Dai Viet]] (corresponding to northern Vietnam) upon the death of his father, [[Lê Trang Tông]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Trần Trọng Kim|author-link=Trần Trọng Kim|year=2005|title=Việt Nam sử lược|publisher=Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House|place=[[Ho Chi Minh City]]|language=Vietnamese|page=248}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Sigismund II Augustus]] succeeds his father, [[Sigismund I the Old]], as [[King of Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]].<ref name="pol">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge history of Poland |date=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-374-91250-5 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o64jAQAAIAAJ&q=%221%20april%201548%22 |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 15]] &ndash; General [[Zhu Wan]] of [[Ming dynasty]] [[China]] dispatches a fleet of ships, commanded by [[Lu Tang]], to destroy smugglers and pirates at [[Shangyu]], a port on Liuheng Island.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=L. Carrington |editor1-last= Goodrich|editor1-link=Luther Carrington Goodrich |editor2-first= Chaoying |editor2-last= Fang |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644 |publisher= Columbia University Press |year=1976 |page=374 |isbn=0-231-03801-1}}</ref> The fleet sets off from [[Wenzhou]] and makes its attack in June.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; 
**The [[Diet of Augsburg]] approves a decree of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], the "Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council", informally referred to as the [[Augsburg Interim]], directing German Protestants to resume the doctrine of the [[Catholicism|Roman Catholic Church]], including observance of the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|Seven Sacraments]].<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Acton |first1 = John Emerich Edward Dalberg |author2-link = Ernest Alfred Benians|last2 = Benians|first2=Ernest Alfred|first3=Sir Adolphus William|last3=Ward|first4=George Walter|last4=Prothero |title = The Cambridge Modern History |publisher = Macmillan & Co., ltd |year = 1904 |page=264 |location = New York |url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EXlVraG0hE8C}}</ref> As a concession, the Emperor allows the continuation of some Protestant customs, including the right of Protestant clergy to marry and for believers to receive the Protestant [[Eucharist|communion]] of bread and wine.<ref>{{cite book |last = Kagan |first = Donald |author2=Steven Ozment |author3=Frank M. Turner  |title = The Western Heritage: Since 1300 |url = https://archive.org/details/westernheritagev00dona_2 |url-access = registration |edition = Eighth |publisher = Prentice Hall publishing |year = 2002 |location = New York |page=367 |isbn = 0-13-182883-5 }}</ref>
**[[Ratan Singh of Amber]], Raja of the Amber Kingdom in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, is poisoned by his younger brother [[Askaran]], Raja of Narwar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1984|page=33|isbn=81-250-0333-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA33}}</ref>
* [[June 1]] &ndash; 
**The Japanese city of [[Uchiyama]] in [[Shinano Province]] (now in the [[Nagano Prefecture]]) is burned by the clan of [[Murakami Yoshikiyo]] after the February defeat of the [[Takeda clan]] at the Battle of Uedahara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|title=Kawanakajima 1553–64: Samurai power struggle|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-84603-652-1|location=Oxford|page=29}}</ref>
**[[Bharmal]] becomes the new raja of the [[Kingdom of Amber]], in territory now occupied by [[India]]'s [[Rajasthan]] state, upon the overthrow of his nephew, [[Askaran]], Raja of [[Narwar]], who had reigned for only 16 days.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |page=482 |isbn=9788129108906}}</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; (5th day of the waxing moon in the 8th month of the [[Thai lunar calendar|910th year]] of the [[Chula Sakarat]] Era): [[Yotfa]], the 13-year-old ruler of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] of [[Thailand]] since 1546, is murdered with the consent of his mother, the regent [[Si Sudachan]], who installs her lover, [[Worawongsathirat]], on the throne. Yotfa's younger brother, Prince Sissin, is spared from execution. Worawongsathirat and Si Sudachan are both killed in a counter-coup in November.<ref>{{cite book | author = Princess Sirindhorn's Foundation | script-title=th:นามานุกรมพระมหากษัตริย์ไทย | trans-title = Directory of Thai Kings | url = http://www.sac.or.th/main/pdf/Thai_king_directories.pdf | publisher = Princess Sirindhorn's Foundation | location = Bangkok | year = 2011 | page = 98 | language = th }}</ref>
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], the [[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] begins an invasion of [[Safavid Iran]] that will last for almost two years before he abandons it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akgunduz |first1=Ahmed |last2=Ozturk |first2=Said | title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |page=185 |isbn=978-90-902610-8-9}}</ref>
* [[June 16]] &ndash; The first of 8,000 French troops under the command of General [[André de Montalembert]] arrive at the port of [[Leith]] at the invitation of the King of Scotland, who seeks to drive out the occupying forces of the Army of England.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mowat |first=Sue|title=Port of Leith: Its History and Its People |year=2008 |publisher=John Donald |pages=114–115 |isbn=978-1-904607-17-5}}</ref>
* [[June 30]] &ndash; The [[Augsburg Interim]], approved May 15, is codified into law in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* [[June]]
** [[Ming Chinese]] naval forces commanded by [[Zhu Wan]] destroy the pirate haven of [[Shuangyu]],frequented by Chinese, Japanese and Portuguese smugglers.
** [[John Dee]] starts to study at the [[Old University of Leuven]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Limits of Influence: Pico, Louvain, and the Crisis of Renaissance Astrology|first=Steven Vanden|last=Broecke|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2003|page=168|isbn=9789004131699}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 7]] &ndash; A marriage treaty is signed between [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]], whereby five-year-old [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], is betrothed to the future King [[Francis II of France]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Rosalind Kay Marshall|title=Mary of Guise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIXAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=NMS|isbn=978-1-901663-63-1|page=68}}</ref>
* [[August 7]] &ndash; Mary, Queen of Scots, leaves for France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weir |first1=Alison |title=Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley |date=18 December 2007 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-43147-9 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzKzPflzIJkC&dq=mary+france+%227+august+1548%22&pg=PA12 |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Maximilian of Austria]], is married to his first cousin, [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria of Spain]], at the arrangement of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], Maria's father and Maximilian's uncle. Charles, who also serves as King of Spain, makes the arrangement in order to have the couple serve as his regents while he travels to Germany.<ref>[https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/maximilian-ii-caught-between-competing-priorities-vienna-prague-and-madrid Mutschlechner, Martin. "Maximilian II: caught between the competing priorities of Vienna, Prague and Madrid", Die Welt der Habsburger]</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; Archduke Maximilian and Princess Maria, who married 18 days earlier, become the co-regents of Spain as King Charles V departs for Germany to administer the affairs of the Holy Roman Empire. They serve until [[Philip II of Spain|Prince Philip]], the first regent, returns from battle on July 12, 1551.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlos V - Carlos de Gante - Los viajes del emperador |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/CarlosV/1548.shtml |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.cervantesvirtual.com}}</ref>
* [[October 20]] &ndash; The [[city]] of [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]], is founded.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Tenenbaum|title=Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture: Gabeira to Mesta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7lo4iBY48wC|year=1996|publisher=C. Scribner's Sons|isbn=978-0-684-19754-8|page=38}}</ref>
* [[October 31]] &ndash; At the first ''[[sejm]]'' of King [[Sigismund II Augustus]] of Poland, deputies demand that the king renounce his wife [[Barbara Radziwiłł]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dworzaczek |first1=Włodzimierz |title=Hetman Jan Tarnowski: z dziejów możnowładztwa małopolskiego |date=1985 |publisher=Instytut Wydawniczy Pax |isbn=978-83-211-0584-0 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHcdAAAAMAAJ&q=sejm+Barbara+Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82+%E2%80%9E31+pa%C5%BAdziernika+1548%E2%80%9D |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sokołowski |first1=August |title=Dzieje Polski illustrowane |date=1904 |publisher=Perles |page=295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=is1MAAAAMAAJ&dq=sejm+Barbara+Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82+%E2%80%9E31+pa%C5%BAdziernika+1548%E2%80%9D&pg=PA295 |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Worawongsathirat]], ruler of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] of [[Thailand]] after usurping the throne on June 10, stages his coronation along with his wife, [[Si Sudachan]]. Both husband and wife had after both conspired to murder her son, King Yofta, in June.<ref>[https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Historical_Events15.html "History of Ayutthaya— Historical Events"]</ref> The King and Queen are assassinated on January 13, 1549.<ref>{{cite book | author = Princess Sirindhorn's Foundation | script-title=th:นามานุกรมพระมหากษัตริย์ไทย | trans-title = Directory of Thai Kings | url = http://www.sac.or.th/main/pdf/Thai_king_directories.pdf | publisher = Princess Sirindhorn's Foundation | location = Bangkok | year = 2011 | page = 98 | language = th }}</ref> 
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[John III of Portugal|King João III]] of [[Portugal]], creates a colonial government of Brazil, with a capital at [[Bahia]], in order to maintain unity among various Portuguese captaincies ([[Captaincy of São Vicente|São Vicente]], [[Captaincy of Pernambuco|Nova Lusitania]], [[:pt:Capitania de Ilhéus|Ilhéus]] and [[:pt:Capitania de Porto Seguro|Porto Seguro]]) scattered along the coast.<ref>Armelle Enders, ''Nouvelle histoire du Brésil'' (Éditions Chandeigne, 2008) p.33</ref> The document contains 48 articles governing the installation of the government, the organization of trade, measures for defense, treatment of the indigenous tribes, and policies toward foreigners. The King provides for a Governor-General, and appoints [[Tomé de Sousa]] as the first officeholder.<ref>[http://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/dicionario-periodo-colonial/196-governador-geral-do-estado-do-brasil|Governador-geral do Estado do Brasil] ("Governor-General of the State of Brazil")</ref>
* [[December]] &ndash; [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Siam]] attacks [[Tavoy]], beginning the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1548–49)|Burmese–Siamese War of 1548]].</onlyinclude>