Editing 1546 (section)

== Events ==
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===January–March===
* [[January 11]] &ndash; (''Tenbun 15, 20th day of the 12th month''):  [[Ashikaga Yoshiteru|Ashikaga Yoshifushi]]<ref name="t381">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA381,M1  p. 381];  n.b., Ashikaga Yoshifushi changed his name to Yoshiteru in 1554 (''Tenbun 23, 2nd month'').]</ref> becomes 13th Shōgun of the ''[[Ashikaga shogunate]]''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA378,M1  p. 378.]</ref>
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Jeremias I of Constantinople]], Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church dies
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Blasco Núñez Vela]] first Spanish [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]] fights with [[Gonzalo Pizarro]] at the [[Battle of Iñaquito]] and is killed.<ref>Prescott, Guillermo: ''Historia de la conquista del Perú''. Tomo III. Editorial Universo S.A. Lima, 1972.</ref>
* [[February 12]] &ndash; The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico]], one of the largest in the world, with over four million Catholics, is created<ref name="CathHierMéxico">[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmexo.html "Archdiocese of México"] ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther]] delivers his final sermon, three days before his death about "obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory,"<ref>[[Léon Poliakov|Poliakov, Léon]]. ''From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews'', Vanguard Press, p. 220.</ref>
*[[March 1]] &ndash;  Scottish Protestant reformer [[George Wishart]], arrested on January 19, is burned at the stake at [[St Andrews]] on orders of Cardinal [[David Beaton]] of the Roman Catholic church, after being found guilty of [[heresy]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rogers |first1=Charles |title=Life of George Wishart, the Scottish martyr, with his translation of the Helvetian Confession and a genealogical history of the family of Wishart |date=1876 |publisher=William Paterson |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofgeorgewish00gram/page/n4 |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref> Cardinal Beaton is assassinated less than three months later.
* [[March 8]] &ndash;  King [[John III of Portugal]] issues an order for [[Portuguese India]] (at [[Goa]]) to forbid [[Hinduism]], destroy Hindu temples, prohibit the public celebration of Hindu feasts, expel Hindu priests and severely punish those who created any Hindu images in Portuguese possessions in India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8xUFivagkC&pg=PA348|title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765|author=António José Saraiva|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2001|isbn=90-04-12080-7|pages=348}}</ref>

===April–June===
* [[April 8]] &ndash; The [[Council of Trent]], by a vote of 24 to 15, with 16 abstentions, issues the ''Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis'' for the scripture considered to be canon by the Roman Catholic Church. The decree recites that if anyone declines to receive all parts of the Vulgate edition of the Bible, they are in contempt of the Church and should be excommunicated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance |first=Bruce M. |last=Metzger |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=March 13, 1997 |isbn=0-19-826954-4 |page=246 }}</ref> and approves the 4th century [[Vulgate]] of [[Jerome]] as its official Bible<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ed. and trans. by Waterworth |first1=J.|title=The Council of Trent |url=https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1545-1545,_Concilium_Tridentinum,_Canons_And_Decrees,_EN.pdf |access-date=28 July 2017 |page=19}}</ref> 
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Alice Glaston]], age 11, becomes the youngest girl ever to be legally executed in England (though [[John Dean (convict)|John Dean]], age 8, is executed on February 23, 1629)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mercuriuspoliticus.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/alice-glaston/|title=Alice Glaston|date=19 March 2010}}</ref>
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Dionysius II of Constantinople|Dionysius II]], the Eastern Orthodox [[Metropolitan of Nicomedia]], is elected as the Patriarch of Constantinople to succeed Jeremias.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate |last=Kiminas |first=Demetrius |year=2009 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |page=39 |isbn=978-1-4344-5876-6}}</ref>
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Hermann of Wied]], the German  Archbishop of Cologne, is excommunicated by [[Pope Paul III]] after his conversion to Protestantism.
* [[April 20]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Diu (1546)|Siege of Diu]] begins as the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], led by [[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah III]] attacks the Portuguese colonial fortress at Diu.<ref name=Jaques>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |volume=1 (A-E) |editor=Tony Jaques |publisher=Greenwood |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33537-2 |page=304}}</ref> Reinforcements arrive on July 19 and Governor Castro arrives with 3,000 soldiers on November 7. The keeper of the King's Ports and Galley siege lasts until November 10 and ends with a Portuguese victory
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The first government body to administer England's Royal Navy, the [[Navy Board|Keeper of the King's Ports and Galleys]], is created by order of King Henry VIII.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ehrman|first1=John|title=The Navy in the war of William III, 1689-1697 : its state and direction|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781107645110|page=179}}</ref>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; Sir [[John Alan]] is dismissed from his post as [[Lord Chancellor of Ireland]] by England's [[Privy Council]] after accusations of corruption and promoting discord are made by the Lord Deputy, [[Anthony St Leger (Lord Deputy of Ireland)|Anthony St Leger]]. Alan is later reinstated in 1548.<ref>F. Elrington Ball, ''The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921'' (John Murray, 1926)</ref>
* [[May 16]] &ndash; Writing from [[Portuguese India]], Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] asks [[John III of Portugal|King João III of Portugal]], proposing what will become the [[Goa Inquisition]] of 1561.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=160 |isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Kawagoe Castle]] ends in defeat for the [[Uesugi clan]], in their attempt to regain [[Kawagoe Castle]] from the [[Late Hōjō clan]] in [[Japan]]. 
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Edward Whitchurch]] and [[Richard Grafton]] are granted the exclusive right to publish [[Primer (prayer book)|prayer books]] for the [[Church of England]] by order of King Henry VIII.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Whitchurch, Edward |volume= 61 |last= Lee |first= Sidney |author-link= Sidney Lee |pages= 30-31 |short= 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Grafton, Richard |volume= 22 |last= Lee |first= Sidney |author-link= Sidney Lee |pages= 310-313 |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[David Beaton]], the Roman Catholic [[Archbishop of St Andrews]] and the only Scottish cardinal, is assassinated at [[St Andrews Castle]] by William Kirkcaldy and Norman Leslie in retaliation for the March 28 execution of Protestant preacher [[George Wishart]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue46/murdercomestothearchbishop.html |title=Lamont, Stewart. "Murder comes to the Archbishop", ''Christian History and Biography'', 1 July 2008 |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035659/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1995/issue46/murdercomestothearchbishop.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[June 7]] &ndash; The Treaty of Ardres (also known as the Treaty of Camp) is signed, resulting in peace between the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]] and ending the [[Italian War of 1542–1546]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History |url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/215|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/215 215–218]}}</ref><ref>James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie, eds., ''Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII''. Vol. 21, part 1 (Burt Franklin, 1908) pp.507-509</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; The [[Council of Trent]] approves its second decree on Roman Catholic doctrine, ''Decretum de Pecatto Originali'', regarding [[original sin]], declaring that excommunication should be applied to any person who denies the teaching that the sins of Adam in the Garden of Eden condemned all of humanity, or that  Christian baptism remits the guilt of original sin.<ref>{{cite web|author=Council of Trent|title=Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini: Fifth Session, Decree concerning Original Sin|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds2.v.i.i.iii.html|publisher=at www.ccel.org|date=June 17, 1546|access-date=November 1, 2013}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; After the death of [[Martin Luther]], the leaders of the Lutheran [[Schmalkaldic League]] German states (Saxony, Hesse, the Palatinate, Württemberg, Pomerania and Anhalt-Köthen) gather at [[Ichtershausen]] as the guests of Saxon Elector John Frederick I in order to make plans to defend against the Roman Catholic forces of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>[https://danarehn.com/2021/12/19/protestant-princes-against-the-papal-beasts-from-rome/ Protestant Princes against the Papal Beasts from Rome] at danarehn.com</ref>
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault|the Earl of Arran]], Regent of Scotland for [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] recaptures [[Dumbarton Castle]] from England after a 20-day siege.
* [[July 10]] &ndash; The Schmalkaldic War begins with an attack by the Protestant German states against the town of [[Füssen]], a village of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg]] in [[Bavaria]].<ref name=Chanu>{{cite book |title=Charles V |first1=Pierre |last1=Chaunu |first2=Michèle |last2=Escamilla |year=2000 |publisher=Fayard |language=fr |isbn=2-213-60394-4 }}</ref>
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], imposes a ''[[Imperial ban|Reichsacht]]'' declaring Schmalkadic leaders [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]] and [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]] to be outlwas, and directs [[Maurice, Elector of Saxony|Maurice, Duke of Saxony]] to enforce it.<ref name=Chanu/> 
* [[August 14]] &ndash; The [[Scottish Parliament]] ratifies the [[Italian War of 1542–1546#Treaty of Ardres|Treaty of Ardres]].<ref>Thomson, Thomas, ed., ''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland'', vol.2 (Edinburgh, 1814), pp. 473-4: Cameron, Annie I., ed., ''Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine'' (SHS, Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 169-173.</ref>
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Claude d'Annebault]], [[Admiral of France]], arrives in England to negotiate English approval of the Treaty of Ardres to end the [[Italian War of 1542–1546]].<ref>Starkey, David, ed., ''[[Inventory of Henry VIII of England|Inventory of Henry VIII]]'', vol. 1, Society of Antiquaries (1998), p.108, no. 4132: , ''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 21, part 1, (1908), no. 1384, no. 1530. 
</ref>
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Mircea the Shepherd]], ruler of the [[List of princes of Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]] (now [[Romania]]) stages a surprise attack in the [[Battle of Periș]] and decimates the members of the Wallachian nobility ([[boyar]]s) who oppose his rule.<ref>"Periș, Bătălia de la", by Lucian Predescu, in ''Enciclopedia Cugetarea'' (Editura Cugetarea, 1940)</ref>  
* [[August 28]] &ndash; In the Imperial counterattack in the [[Schmalkaldic War]], the Holy Roman Empire army attacks [[Frankfurt]], the German stronghold of the [[Schmalkaldic League]], but is forced to retreat after a two-day siege.<ref>Elsbet Orth: ''Frankfurt am Main im Früh und Hochmittelalter'' ("Frankfurt am Main in the Early and High Middle Ages") in ''Frankfurt am Main &nbsp;– Die Geschichte der Stadt in neun Beiträgen'' (Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine articles), Frankfurter Historische Kommission (Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1991)p.25</ref> 
* [[September 3]]  &ndash; [[Ilie II Rareș]] becomes the new [[List of monarchs of Moldavia|Prince of Moldavia]] upon the death of his father [[Petru Rareș|Petru IV Rareș]], in the Moldavian capital, [[Suceava]].<ref>[https://moldovenii.md/md/people/690 "Iliaş Rareş"], in ''Enciclopedia Moldovei''</ref> 
* [[September 8]] &ndash; The first Protestant Huguenot church in [[France]], established by Pierre LeClerc and Etienne Mangin at [[Meaux]] {{convert|25|mi}} from [[Paris]], is seized by the French Army and [[The Fourteen of Meaux|its 60 members are arrested]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bower |first1=H. M. |title=The Fourteen of Meaux |date=1894 |publisher=Longmans, Green, & Co. |page=59  |url=https://ia600203.us.archive.org/20/items/fourteenofmeauxa00bowe/fourteenofmeauxa00bowe.pdf |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> Ten women are released and 50 others put on trial for heresy. LeClerc, Mangin and 12 others are burned at the stake on October 8.
* [[September 23]] &ndash;[[Pier Luigi Farnese]], already the [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza|Duke of Parma and Piacenza]], is given control of the Italian cities of [[Camerino]] and [[Nepi]] by after a donation to the  [[Papal States]], ruled by [[Pope Paul III]].<ref>Villari, Luigi (1911). "Farnese s.v. Pierluigi Farnese" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183</ref>
* [[September 27]]  &ndash; [[San Salvador]], now the capital of the Central American nation of [[El Salvador]], is re-established in a new location at the Valle de Las Hamacas.<ref>Roberto Gallardo, [http://lamjol.info/index.php/KOOT/article/view/1145 "El origen de la identidad salvadoreña: Etnicidad en la antigua Villa de San Salvador]" (in Spanish), in ''Revista de Museología "Kóot"'' (2013) p.106. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. {{ISSN|2307-3942}}</ref> Until 1545, the colonial capital had been at the [[Ciudad Vieja, El Salvador|Ciudad Vieja]], {{convert|10|mi}} further northewest, near [[Suchitoto]].

===October—December===
*[[October 8]] &ndash; [[The Fourteen of Meaux]], French Huguenots found guilty of heresy for practicing the Protestant faith and rejecting Catholicim, are burned at the stake in front of the ruins of the first [[Reformed Church of France]].<ref>Histoire Ecclesiastique des eglises reformees (l'edition nouvelle 1883, Vol. T, p. 67), Meaux produced strictly the first " Eglise Reformee"</ref>
*[[October 17]] &ndash; Irish noble [[James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond]], the chief opponent of the policies of [[Anthony St Leger (Lord Deputy of Ireland)|Sir Anthony St Leger]], England's [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]] up until April 1, is fatally poisoned after being invited to the [[Ely Palace]] near [[London]]. Ormond dies 11 days later, and no investigation is carried out by the Crown as to whether St Leger is involved. St Leger becomes the Lord Deputy again less than three weeks after Ormond's death.<ref>George Edward Cokayne, [https://archive.org/details/completepeerage06cokahrish/page/n149/mode/2up ''Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant''], Vol. VI (1st ed.). (George Bell and Sons, 1895) OCLC 1180818801</ref>
*[[October 28]] &ndash; (4th waxing of Tazaungmon 908 ME)  A second campaign begins in the [[Toungoo–Mrauk-U War]] in what is now the Asian nation of [[Myanmar]], as King [[Tabinshwehti]] of [[First Toungoo Empire|Burma]] starts an invasion of the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] (led by [[Min Bin]]) in the [[Arakan Mountains]]. King Tabinshwehti dispatches 19,000 troops, 400 horses, and 60 elephants, with 4,000 invading by land and the other 15,000 being transported on a fleet of 800 war boats, 500 armored war boats, and 100 cargo boats through the Bay of Bengal to the coast of Mrauk U.<ref>{{cite book |author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma |author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma |title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] |volume=2 |year=1832 |location=Yangon | language=Burmese |edition=2003 |page=229 |publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}</ref> 
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Christ Church, Oxford]], is refounded as a college by [[Henry VIII of England]] under this name.
* [[November 8]] &ndash; (5 Cimi 19 Xul, Mayan calendar) An uprising by the [[Maya civilization]] against the Spanish colonial administrators of [[New Spain]] begins in the Yucatan area of [[Mexico]], with simultaneous attacks at [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], [[Valladolid, Yucatán|Valladolid]], and [[Bacalar]]. The attack comes from seven Mayan provinces on the Gulf of Mexico,  [[Cupul]], [[Cochuah]], [[Sotuta]], [[Tases]], [[Uaymil]], [[Chetumal Province|Chetumal]], and [[Chikinchel]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |author-link=Robert Sharer |author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6th (fully revised) |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=772 |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar }}</ref> The rebellion is suppressed by March and the instigators are arrested and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Robert S. |date=1948 |title=The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan 1517–1550 |publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington |place=Washington, DC |volume=582 |pages=249–252 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015014584406 }}</ref>    
*[[November 10]] &ndash; The European colonists defending the city of [[Diu, India|Diu]] in [[Portuguese India]] defeat the [[Siege of Diu (1546)|six-month siege]] that had been started by the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] on April 20.<ref>{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |volume = 1 (A-E) |editor = Tony Jaques |publisher = Greenwood | year= 2007 |isbn = 978-0-313-33537-2 |page = 304}}</ref> The Portuguese victory comes three days after the arrival of 3,000 troops and 38 ships.
* [[November 14]] &ndash; The Treaty of Prague is signed between [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|King Ferdinand of Bohemia]] and [[Maurice, Elector of Saxony]] with Ferdinand agreeing not to give shelter in Bohemia to John Ferdinand I, the former Elector of Saxony, who is under an Imperial ban.
*[[December 12]] &ndash; [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk]] and the [[Lord High Treasurer]] of England since 1522 is arrested along with his eldest son, [[Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey]] and both are imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].<ref>Brigden, Susan (2008). "Howard, Henry, earl of Surrey (1516/17–1547), poet and soldier". ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (online ed.). Oxford University Press</ref> The Earl of Surrey is executed for treason on January 19; the Duke of Norfolk is sentenced to death, but before the sentence can be carried out, King Henry VIII passes away and Norfolk remains in the Tower until being pardoned in 1553. 
*[[December 18]] &ndash; A truce is agreed to between the Kingdom of Scotland (led by [[James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault|the Regent Arran]]) and the "Catilians", a group of Scottish Protestants who have been holding [[St Andrews Castle]] since their May 29 assassination of Cardinal [[David Beaton]]. With England's King Henry VIII threatening an invasion to protect the Protestant Castilians, the parties agree that no action will be taken until the Pope can consider whether to absolve the Protestants of murder, and that if the Pope grants the absolution, the Protestants will be allowed to surrender on good terms.<ref>''State Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 5 (London, 1836), 578–579, 25 December 1546.</ref>
* [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], is founded by Henry VIII of England.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=147–150|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[December 30]] &ndash; Less than a month before his death, King Henry VIII of England revises his last will and testament and designates his preference for the line of succession to the throne. The first four people on the list serve as monarchs at different times, starting with [[Edward VI]] (1547-1553), [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] (1553-1558) and [[Elizabeth I]] (1558-1603). The fourth in the line of succession, [[Lady Jane Grey]], reigns for nine days after the death of Edward before Mary assumes the throne.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Starkey|author-link=David Starkey |title=The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSU2D6KALvEC&pg=PA143|year=2002|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-09-944510-4 |page=143}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Katharina von Bora]] flees to [[Magdeburg]].
* [[Michelangelo]] is made chief architect of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome.
* The [[Spanish conquest of Yucatán]] is interrupted by an uprising of the Eastern Provinces of the completed in November, but the conquest is completed by March of 1548.</onlyinclude>