Editing 1542 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 6]] &ndash; In the [[Yucatan]] peninsula in Mexico, the Spanish colonists create the new town of [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]].  
* [[January 16]] &ndash; The 8th Parliament of Henry VIII assembles at Westminster after having been summoned on November 23. 
* [[January 20]] &ndash; The first legislature for the [[Voivode of Transylvania]] meets at [[Târgu Mureș|Vásárhely]] in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Târgu Mureș in [[Romania]]).
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Tutul-Xiu]], the [[Maya people|Mayan]] ruler of the [[Maní, Yucatán|Maní]] in Yucatán, arrives at the Spanish settlement of Merida with food supplies for the colonists and offers to assist the Spaniards in their conquest of Yucatan in return for being installed as the leading Mayan ruler in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J. |author-link=Robert Sharer |author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6th (fully revised) |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=771 |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar }}</ref> 
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Battle of Baçente]]: The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] under [[Cristóvão da Gama]] capture a [[Adal Sultanate|Muslim]]-occupied hillfort in northern [[Ethiopia]].
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Catherine Howard]], until recently the [[Queen consort of England]] and the wife of King Henry VIII, is executed by beheading, two days after the King gives [[royal assent]] to a [[bill of attainder]] passed by the English Parliament on February 7.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |title=The Six Wives of Henry VIII |publisher=Grove Press |date=1991 |page= 481 |isbn=0-8021-3683-4 |location=New York |author-link=Alison Weir (historian)}}</ref> Catherine had been arrested in November on accusations that she had sexual relations with [[Thomas Culpeper]].
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Guadalajara]], Mexico, is founded by the [[Spanish Empire|Spaniards]] after three previous attempts failed, due to aggressive opposition from local tribes.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sarah Cameron|author2=Ben Box|title=Mexico & Central America Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toUJO1eAAAoC|year=1999|publisher=Footprint Handbooks|isbn=978-0-8442-4838-7|page=211}}</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Antoine Escalin des Aimars]] of France completes the negotiation with the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman for the [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]].<ref>Edith Garnier, ''L'Alliance Impie'' (Editions du Felin, 2008) p.211</ref>
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[Antoine Escalin des Eymars]], the French ambassador, returns from [[Constantinople]], with promises of Ottoman aid in a war against [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Setton |first1=Kenneth Meyer |title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 |date=1976 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-161-3 |page=461 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&q=%228+march%22&pg=PA461 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; As the 1542 session of the English Parliament ends, King Henry VIII gives [[royal assent]] to numerous laws, including the [[Witchcraft Act 1541|Witchcraft Act]], the [[Treason Act 1541|Treason Act]], and the [[Leases by Corporations Act 1541|Leases by Corporations Act]].
* [[April 4]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Jarte]] begins in [[Ethiopia]] as the Army of the [[Portuguese Empire]], commanded by [[Cristóvão da Gama]] encounters the army of the Ethiopian ruler, the Imam [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], achieving a victory on April 16.
* [[May 19]] &ndash; The [[Prome Kingdom]], in modern-day central [[Burma]], is conquered by the [[Taungoo Dynasty]].
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of Ireland]] passes the [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542|Crown of Ireland Act]], which dissolves the title of [[Lord of Ireland]] and reestablishes it to the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], with its last Lord, [[Henry VIII|Henry VIII of England]], becoming its first king.
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo]] sets sail to explore the northwest of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="cali">{{cite book |last1=Watkins |first1=Rolin C. |title=History of Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties, California |date=1925 |publisher=S.J. Clarke |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjkLAQAAIAAJ&dq=Juan+Rodr%C3%ADguez+Cabrillo+california+island+%22june+27+1542%22&pg=PA61 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul III]] establishes the [[Holy Office]] with the bull ''Licet ab initio'', with jurisdiction over the [[Roman Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aron-Beller |first1=Katherine |last2=Black |first2=Christopher |title=The Roman Inquisition: Centre versus Peripheries |date=22 January 2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-36108-9 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMZKDwAAQBAJ&dq=holy+office+paul+iii+roman+%2221+july+1542%22&pg=PA2 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions |date=27 March 2019 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-39387-5 |page=250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MqiDwAAQBAJ&dq=holy+office+paul+iii+roman+%2221+july+1542%22&pg=PA250 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 23]] &ndash; (10th day of 6th month of [[Tenbun]] 11) In [[Japan]], a six-year rebellion within the [[Date clan]] when clan leader [[Date Tanemune]], returning home from a day of [[falconry]], is attacked by his oldest son, [[Date Harumune]], and imprisoned at [[Kōri-Nishiyama Castle]] in [[Fukushima Prefecture]]. Tanemune is rescued by an aide, Koyanagigawa Munetomo, and escapes. The war lasts for six years before Harumune triumphs and becomes the new leader of the Date clan.<ref>Shin Hasegawa, "The Echigo Tenbun Rebellion and Date Tanemune - The Warring States Period Powers in the Southern Ou Region Concerning the Issue of Date Tokimunemaru's Succession." / First published in Kokushigaku, No. 161, 1995</ref>
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Guelders Wars]]: [[Maarten van Rossum]] leaves [[Antwerp]], having failed to take it by siege.
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Haddon Rig]]: [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] defeats [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stedall |first1=Robert |title=The Challenge to the Crown: Volume I: The Struggle for Influence in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1567 |date=26 July 2012 |publisher=Book Guild Publishing |isbn=978-1-84624-646-3 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3kcAwAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+Haddon+Rig+%2224+august+1542%22&pg=PA18 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 27]] &ndash; Citizens of [[Hildesheim]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] profess themselves to the Lutheran teachings, thus joining the [[Schmalkaldic League]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saak |first1=Eric Leland |title=Luther and the Reformation of the Later Middle Ages |date=19 April 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18722-1 |page=359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdAoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hildesheim+lutheran+27+august+1542&pg=PA359 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> As a pledge owner, the city provides for the carrying out of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in the city and [[Peine]]. Priests from the localities of Clauen, [[Hohenhameln]], [[Soßmar]], Schmedenstedt, [[Lengede]] and Rosenthal resume their offices in the interest of the Reformation.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Wofla]] in [[Ethiopia]]: Reinforced with at least 2900 arquebusiers and cavalry, the [[Imam]] [[Ahmad Gragn]] attacks the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] camp. The Portuguese are scattered; [[Cristóvão da Gama]] is captured and executed.<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Modern Wars 1500–1775 |date=17 September 2013 |publisher=Amber Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-78274-121-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_GxAgAAQBAJ&dq=Wofla+1542&pg=PT59 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en|quote=Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi's men were reinforced by 2900 arquebusiers (2000 from Arabia plus 900 regular Ottoman infantry) and a handful of Ottoman cavalry. Although da Gama managed to escape with a few survivors, he was quickly captured and killed.}}</ref>
* [[September 4]] &ndash; The earliest recorded [[Preston Guild]] Court is held in [[Lancashire]], England, in the modern sequence, which lasts unbroken until [[1922]].
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] lands in what is now [[San Diego Bay]], and names it "San Miguel", claiming it for the Spanish Empire. San Miguel will later become the city of [[San Diego]].<ref name="cali" /> This marks the first time a European sees what is now the U.S. state of [[California]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cleland |first1=Robert Glass |title=From Wilderness to Empire: A History of California |date=1959 |publisher=Knopf |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awEVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22first%20european%22 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 7]] &ndash; Cabrillo becomes the first European to set foot on California's [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marz |first1=John George |title=Santa Catalina Island: A Case Study in Recreational Geography |date=1972 |publisher=University of California, Davis |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuAYA73ufX0C&q=%22october%207%201542%22 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 9]] &ndash; King [[James V of Scotland]] writes a letter to [[Pope Paul III]] and notes that he defied Henry VIII's attempts to convert him to the [[Protestantism|Protestant faith]].<ref>[[Denys Hay]], ''Letters of James V'' (Edinburgh, 1954), p. 444.</ref> 
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Solway Moss]]: An [[Kingdom of England|English]] army invades [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and defeats a Scottish army.<ref>{{cite book|author=Scottish History Society|title=Publications of the Scottish History Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgYdAAAAMAAJ|year=1938|publisher=T. and A. Constable|page=188}}</ref>
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Palace plot of Renyin year]]: A group of [[Ming dynasty]] [[lady-in-waiting|palace women]] fail to murder the [[Jiajing Emperor]], and are executed by [[Lingchi|slow-slicing]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barmé |first1=Geremie |title=The Forbidden City |date=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02779-4 |pages=40–42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gniwsTYXFeoC&q=%2227+november%22&pg=PR7 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], aged six days, becomes [[queen regnant]] on the death of her father, [[James V of Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wormald |first1=Jenny |title=Mary, Queen of Scots |date=17 August 2017 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-0-85790-350-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNAcEAAAQBAJ&q=%2214+december%22 |access-date=18 September 2023 |language=en|quote=On 14 December 1542, James V died in his splendid royal bedchamber at Falkland, the beauty he himself had created no longer enough to pierce the malaise of his profound melancholy. His sole surviving child, Mary, succeeded to the throne.}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The first contact of [[Japan]] with the West occurs when a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] ship, blown off its course to China, lands Antonio Pexoto, Francisco Zeimoto and [[António Mota]] in Japan, according to [[António Galvão]].<ref name="ppt">{{cite book |last1=Lidin |first1=Olof G. |title=Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan |date=2002 |publisher=Nias Press |pages=8, 24–27 |url=https://archive.org/details/tanegashima-europe/page/18/mode/2up?q=1542 |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> According to the Japanese books ''Tanegashima Kafu'' and ''Teppoki'', it is stated they landed in 1543.<ref name="ppt" />
* [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] completes ''[[A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies]]'', which will be published in [[1552]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/515/ |title = Mirror of the Cruel and Horrible Spanish Tyranny Perpetrated in the Netherlands, by the Tyrant, the Duke of Alba, and Other Commanders of King Philip II |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1620 |access-date = 2013-08-25 }}</ref></onlyinclude>