Editing 1541 (section)

== Events ==

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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Leonardo Cattaneo della Volta]] is elected to a two-year term as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]], succeeding [[Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo]]
* [[February]] &ndash; 
* [[February 8]] &ndash; (13th day of 1st month of [[Tenbun]] 10) In Japan, the [[Siege of Koriyama]], started by [[Amago Haruhisa]] of the 30,000 strong [[Amago clan]] the previous September in an attack against the [[Mōri clan]] led by [[Mōri Motonari]] and the [[Ōuchi clan]], ends with a defeat of the attackers. The Amago clan sustains heavy losses, including the death of Amago Hisayuki.  
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Pedro de Valdivia]] founds [[Santiago|Santiago del Nuevo Extremo]], which will become the capital of [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Figueroa |first1=Gonzalo Piwonka |title=Las aguas de Santiago de Chile, 1541-1999: Los primeros doscientos años, 1541-1741 |date=1999 |publisher=Editorial Universitaria |isbn=978-956-244-102-5 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyqWILXMW2kC&dq=Pedro+de+Valdivia+Santiago+del+Nuevo+Extremo+%2212+de+febrero+de+1541%22&pg=PA29 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Revista de la Universidad Nacional de Cordoba |date=1922 |publisher=Dirección General de Publicaciones, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoogAQAAMAAJ&dq=Pedro+de+Valdivia+Santiago+del+Nuevo+Extremo+%2212+de+febrero+de+1541%22+capital&pg=PA34 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Petru Rareș]] becomes the [[List of monarchs of Moldavia|Prince of Moldavia]] for a second time, overthrowing the Voivode [[Alexandru Cornea]] at [[Suceava]] (now in Romania) at the direction of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantinescu |first=Radu |title=Moldova și Transilvania în vremea lui Petru Rareș: Relații politice și militare [Moldova and Transylvania in the time of Petru Rareș: Political and military relations] (1527-1546) |year=1978 |location=Bucharest |publisher=Direcția Generală a Arhivelor Statului |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrFBAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>
* [[March 8]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Suakin (1541)|Battle of Suakin]], fought at an Ottoman port city on the [[Red Sea]] in what is now [[Sudan]], Portuguese General [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estêvão da Gama]] and his brother [[Cristóvão da Gama]]  lead an attack against the Ottoman ruler and plunder the city.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=J. F. E. Bloss| title=The Story Of Suakin| journal=Sudan Notes and Records| volume=19 | number= 2 | year= 1936 | pages=271–300|url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/image/SNR-0000563/23/|access-date=2023-01-13|institution= University of Khartoum }}</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; The Portuguese Empire's fortress at [[Agadir]] falls to the Moroccan general [[Mohammed al-Shaykh]] after a siege of 24 days.<ref>{{EI2|title=Agadir-Ighir|last=Tourneau|first=Roger le|volume=1|pages=244–245}}</ref>
* [[March 28]] &ndash; In what is now the capital of [[Ecuador]], [[Quito|San Francisco de Quito]] is declared a city by the decree of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I of Spain]] and the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. 

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Francis Xavier]] leaves [[Lisbon]], on a mission to the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] [[East Indies]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bedouelle |first1=Guy |title=The History of the Church |date=10 April 2003 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-1481-6 |page=173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GF1AhFIUCgC&dq=francis+xavier+lisbon+east+indies+%227+april+1541%22&pg=PA173 |access-date=13 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Sahart]]: [[Gelawdewos]] is defeated by the forces of [[Imam]] [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Georg Schurhammer|title=Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times: India, 1541-1544|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyrGyDSTUa0C|year=1982|publisher=Jesuit Historical Institute|isbn=978-88-7041-594-0|page=512}}</ref>
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] explorer [[Hernando de Soto]] reaches the [[Mississippi River]], naming it the [[Rio de Espiritu Santo]] ("River of the Holy Spirit").<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Neal |first1=Claire |title=The Mississippi River |date=30 September 2012 |publisher=Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-1-61228-369-2 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9iXBgAAQBAJ&q=1541&pg=PA5 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi |date=1951 |publisher=Mississippi. Dept. of Archives and History |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZwKAQAAMAAJ&q=Hernando+de+Soto++R%C3%ADo+del+Esp%C3%ADritu+Santo+%22may+8+1541%22 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cartier]] departs from [[Saint-Malo]], France on his third voyage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Emery |first1=Kenneth O. |last2=Uchupi |first2=Elazar |title=The Geology of the Atlantic Ocean |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4612-5278-8 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXHjBwAAQBAJ&dq=%2223+may+1541%22+Jacques+Cartier+Saint-Malo+third&pg=PA15 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 13]] &ndash; The [[List of parliaments of Ireland|Parliament of Ireland]] is opened by King Henry VIII for a session that will last for two years.
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Şehzade Mustafa]], the son of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, is appointed as the new Ottoman Governor of the [[Amasya]] region of Turkey.
* [[June 26]] &ndash; At [[Lima]], [[Francisco Pizarro]], the Spanish conqueror of the Inca Empire of Peru and [[List of viceroys of Peru|Governor of Nueva Castilla]] since 1529, is assassinated by 20 heavily-armed supporters of [[Diego de Almagro II]] in retaliation for the 1538 execution of [[Diego de Almagro]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mark A. |last1=Burkholder|first2=Lyman L.|last2= Johnson|title=Colonial Latin America|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=MSLn_-1MvhAC|page=59}}|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515685-0 |page=59}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 7]] &ndash (Tenbun 10, 14th day of the 6th month) [[Takeda Shingen]] becomes head of Japan's powerful [[Takeda clan]] of [[samurai]]s that rules the [[Kai Province]], overthrowing and banishing his father, [[Takeda Nobutora]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai Sourcebook |publisher=Cassell & Co. |year=1998 |isbn=1854095234 |pages=208–209}}</ref> Nobutora is exiled to [[Suruga Province]] for the next 32 years. 
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estêvão da Gama]] departs [[Massawa]], leaving behind 400 [[matchlock]] men and 150 slaves under his brother [[Cristóvão da Gama]], with orders to assist the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] to defeat [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], who had invaded his [[Empire]].
* [[August 21]] &ndash; The [[Janissaries]] of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] [[Siege of Buda (1541)|besiege Buda]], wounding [[Wilhelm von Roggendorf]], who dies from his wounds on the way to [[Komárno]] a few days later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buda ostroma, 1541. |url=https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20160105212401/http://budapestcity.org/02-tortenet/1541-buda-ostroma/index-hu.htm?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp |website=budapestcity.org |access-date=14 September 2023 |date=5 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[September 9]]&ndash;[[September 11|11]] &ndash; Spanish noblewoman [[Beatriz de la Cueva]] serves as governor of the colony of Guatemala, before she is killed in a mudslide from [[Volcán de Agua]], which ruins the capital city, [[Ciudad Vieja]].<ref name="cueva">{{cite book |title=Notable Latin American women |date=1995 |publisher=McFarland & Co. |isbn=978-0-7864-0022-5 |pages=41–43 |url=https://archive.org/details/notablelatinamer00adam/page/40/mode/2up?q=%22september+11%22 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[September 13]] &ndash; After three years of exile, [[John Calvin]] returns to [[Geneva]] to reform the church under a body of doctrine that comes to be known as [[Calvinism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jedin |first1=Hubert |last2=Dolan |first2=John Patrick |title=History of the Church: Reformation and Counter Reformation |date=1980 |publisher=Burns & Oates |isbn=978-0-86012-085-8 |page=373 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJHYAAAAMAAJ&dq=reform+john+calvin+geneva+%2213+september+1541%22&pg=PA373 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Thomas Henry Louis |title=John Calvin : a biography |date=1975 |publisher=Westminster Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-664-20810-3 |page=80 |url=https://archive.org/details/johncalvinbiogra00park/page/80/mode/2up?q=%2213+september%22 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles of Spain]] begins the disastrous campaign against the [[Regency of Algiers]] as he assembles a fleet of 500 ships, with 24,000 soldiers, at the Spanish island of [[Mallorca|Majorca]] and prepares to cross the Mediterranean with the fleets of allied nations led by the Admiral [[Andrea Doria]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]].<ref name=Ward>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=A.W. |title=The Cambridge Modern History |date=1904 |publisher=The MacMillan Company |location=New York |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIV0vyHpQBsC&dq=expedition+algiers+charles+v+%22november+1541%22&pg=PA76 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 7]] &ndash; Through royal decree, the city of [[Arequipa]] is granted its [[coat of arms]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockey |first1=Joseph |title=Folletos peruanos |date=1914 |publisher=Calle de Lampa |location=Lima |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6Q0zWQ26iUC&dq=decreto+escudo+de+armas+de+Arequipa+%227+de+octubre+de+1541%22&pg=RA5-PA31 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Algiers expedition (1541)|Algiers Expedition]]: One day after thousands of Spanish, German and Italian soldiers arrived on the North African coast and proceeded to surround the city of [[Algiers]], heavy storms begin and the Algerian defenders surround King Charles and the other commanders. Fifteen European ships are wrecked onshore, and 33 others sink. Over the next 30 days, the Europeans are forced to retreat.<ref name=Garnier>Edith Garnier, ''L'Alliance Impie'' (Editions du Felin, 2008) pp.202-206 {{ISBN|978-2-86645-678-8}}</ref>
* [[November 1]] &ndash; King [[Henry VIII]] of England is first informed of that the Queen consort, [[Catherine Howard]], has been having an affair with [[Thomas Culpeper]].<ref name=Weir>{{cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |title=Henry VIII: King and Court |date=2001 |page=453 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London}}</ref>
* [[November 19]] &ndash; (1st waxing of Tazaungmon 903 ME) King [[Tabinshwehti]] of [[Burma]], having concluded the Buddhist Lent, leads the attack on the [[Pyay|Kingdom of Prome]] with 17,000 troops and 1,400 boats.<ref>{{cite book | author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=2 |page=180 | orig-year=1832 | location=Yangon | language=my | year=2003 | publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}</ref>
* [[November 23]] &ndash;
**[[Catherine Howard]], the Queen consort of England, is arrested after 16 days of questioning by [[Thomas Cranmer]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reveals that she had also been conducting an adulterous affair with [[Francis Dereham]] while married to King Henry VIII. She is imprisoned at [[Syon Abbey]] in  [[Middlesex]] near London.<ref name=Weir/> 
**[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], who also serves as King Carlos I of Spain, is finally able to depart from Algiers and abandons his army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crowley |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sSNPz6Bm0wC |title=Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521-1580 |date=2013 |publisher=Faber & Faber |page=73 |isbn=978-0-571-29819-8}}</ref> 
* [[December 3]] &ndash; The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V is finally able to return to Spain, arriving at [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]]<ref name=Garnier/>
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[Thomas Culpeper]] and [[Francis Dereham]] are both executed at [[Tyburn]] after being convicted of treason in committing adultery with Queen Catherine. Culpeper is beheaded, while Dereham is hanged, drawn and quartered. As a warning to the public, the severed heads of both men are placed on spikes on the London Bridge.<ref>Lacey Baldwin Smith, ''A Tudor Tragedy'' (Pantheon Books, 1961)</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] seals off [[Golden Gate (Jerusalem)|The Golden Gate]] in [[Jerusalem]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Randall |title=Rose Guide to the Temple |date=3 August 2021 |publisher=Rose Publishing |isbn=978-1-59636-564-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmA7EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Golden+Gate+suleiman+%221541%22&pg=PT235 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en|quote=But the present gate owes its form due to Ottoman Sultan Suleiman who sealed it in 1541.}}</ref> likely because of a prophecy that the [[Messiah]] would return through this gate to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinnant |first1=Greg |title=The Day of The Lord Commentary: Interpreting Old Testament End-Times Prophecy |date=10 August 2021 |publisher=Gatekeeper Press |isbn=978-1-6629-1503-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbw8EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Golden+Gate+suleiman+%221541%22&pg=PT135 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en|quote=The Eastern (or Golden) Gate was sealed in 1541 by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman after being informed it was prophesied that through this gate the Jewish Messiah would return to Israel.}}</ref>
* [[Iceland]] adopts the [[Lutheran]] faith.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kristjánsdóttir |first1=Steinunn |title=Monastic Iceland |date=30 December 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-83015-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5imgEAAAQBAJ&dq=iceland+lutheran+%221541%22&pg=PT13 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en|quote=In Iceland, the Reformation occurred in Skalholt diocese in 1541, when the Lutheran Church ordinance of King Christian III was passed by the country's general assembly, Alþingi.}}</ref>
* [[Gerardus Mercator]] makes his first [[globe]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cotter |first1=Charles H. |title=The Development of the Mariner's Chart |journal=The International Hydrographic Review |date=1977 |volume=LIV |issue=1 |page=127 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/ihr/article/view/23708 |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=en |issn=0020-6946}}</ref>
* The first official translation of the entire [[Bible]] into Swedish is made, and is called the [[Gustav Vasa Bible]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Biblis: tidskrift för bokhistoria, bibliografi, bokhantverk, samlande |date=1999 |publisher=Kungl. Biblioteket |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PxRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22f%C3%B6rst%22%201541 |access-date=15 September 2023 |language=sv}}</ref>
* [[John Calvin]] translates his ''[[Institutes of the Christian Religion|Institutio Christianae religionis]]'' into French, as ''L'Institution chrétienne''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Calvin |first1=Jean |title=Institutes of the Christian religion : 1541 French edition |date=2009 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. |location=Grand Rapids |isbn=978-0-8028-0774-8 |page=IX |url=https://archive.org/details/institutesofchri0000calv_g3p3/page/n9/mode/2up?q=1541 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[Elia Levita]]'s [[chivalric romance]], the ''[[Bovo-Bukh]]'', is first printed, the earliest published secular work in [[Yiddish]].
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