Editing 1538 (section)

==Events==
<onlyinclude>

===January&ndash;March===
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane|Leonard Grey]], England's [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]], successfully negotiates a truce in the semi-independent [[County Laois]], formerly an Irish Kingdom, over the areas leadership.  between Peter O'Moore and Rory Lysaght.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Byrne |first=Emmett |date=October 2009 |title=O'More (Ó Mórdha), Rory (Ruaidhrí Caoch) |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/omore-o-mordha-rory-ruaidhri-caoch-a6908 |journal=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] |doi=10.3318/dib.006908.v1 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[January 31]] &ndash; General [[Johann Katzianer]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], on trial in [[Vienna]] for the disastrous [[Katzianer's Campaign|Imperial campaign against the Ottoman Empire]] and for desertion during the [[Battle of Gorjani]], escapes and flees to [[Kostajnica Fortress]] in Ottoman-controlled [[Croatia]]. After 14 months, [[Nikola IV Zrinski]] have Katzianer murdered.
* [[February 8]] &ndash; The [[Holy League (1538)|Holy League]], an alliance of Christian nations (the [[Papal States]] and the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Knights Hospitaller]] of [[Malta]], [[Spain]] and the Spanish-ruled [[Kingdom of Naples|Viceroyalty of Naples]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]), is agreed upon under the direction of [[Pope Paul III]] and Venetian Senator [[Alvise Badoer]]. 
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Nagyvárad]]: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[John Zápolya]] is recognized as King of [[Hungary]] ([[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]]), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Setton|title=The Papacy and the Levant, (1204-1571).: The sixteenth century to the reign of Julius III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA434|year=1984|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-161-3|pages=434}}</ref> 
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Garcia de Noronha]] is appointed as the new [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor-General of Portuguese India]] by [[John III of Portugal|King João III]]. He sails to [[Goa]] and arrives less than three weeks later.

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 6]] &ndash; In [[India]],[[Sher Shah Suri]], who had been the Mughal Empire's Governor of the [[Bihar Subah]] province, declares the founding of the [[Sur Empire]] and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Everett Jr |year=2015 |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=coronation+of+sher+shah+suri |publisher=McFarland |page=64 |isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Las Salinas]]: In [[Peru]], [[Diego de Almagro|Almagro]] is defeated by [[Francisco Pizarro]], who then seizes [[Cusco]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Wolfgang Von Hagen|title=The Royal Road of the Inca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnEKAQAAIAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Gordon & Cremonesi|isbn=978-0-86033-009-7|page=108|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Mary of Guise]] is wed by proxy to King [[James V of Scotland]], while she is at the [[Château de Châteaudun]] and he is in [[London]], with neither of the two seeing each other.
* [[May 10]] &ndash; In [[India]] Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], is enthroned as [[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah III]], Sultan of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]].<ref>R. C. Majumdar, ed., ''The Mughul Empire'', (Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2007)pp.391-398</ref>
* [[May 27]] &ndash; A joint delegation of Lutherans from various German cities arrives in [[England]] for meetings with [[Henry VIII|King Henry VIII]]; [[Thomas Cranmer]], Archbishop of Canterbury; and [[Thomas Cromwell]], the former Chief Minister of England.  
* [[June 18]] &ndash; 
**[[Truce of Nice]]: Peace is declared between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]] and [[Francis I of France]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tracy |first1=James D. |title=Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics |date=14 November 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81431-7 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXKMvr09dB4C&dq=truce+of+nice+francis+i+charles+v+%2218+june+1538%22&pg=PA164 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
**The formal wedding of Mary of Guise and King James V of Scotland takes place at [[St Andrews Cathedral]].
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in England: The newly founded [[Bisham Abbey]] is dissolved.<ref>{{cite book |title=Research Volume of the Surrey Archaeological Society |date=1988 |publisher=Survey Archaeological Society. |isbn=978-0-9501345-8-1 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYBnAAAAMAAJ&q=%2219%20june%201538%22 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July 17]] &ndash; The betrothal ceremony of 12-year-old [[Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)|Princess Elisabeth]], niece of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] to the 17-year-old Prince [[Sigismund II Augustus]], son of [[Sigismund I the Old|King Sigismund of Poland]] (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) and heir to the throne, takes place in [[Innsbruck]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Duczmal |first=Małgorzata |title=Jogailaičiai | location=Vilnius |year=2012 |publisher=[[Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras]] |page=166 |isbn=978-5-420-01703-6 | language= Lithuanian |translator=Birutė Mikalonienė |translator2=Vyturys Jarutis}}</ref> The two are married five years later on May 5, 1543. 
* [[July 25]] &ndash; The city of [[Guayaquil]], now the largest city in the South American nation of [[Ecuador]] is founded by Spanish conqueror [[Francisco de Orellana]] in the location of a [[Quechua people|Quechua]] native village of the same name. Orellana names the city "Santiago de Guayaquil".<ref>[https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1538/july ''25 July 1538''], OnThisDay.com. Accessed 6 August 2023.</ref>
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] is founded by [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Sarah |title=Colombia |date=1 September 2015 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-921-6 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eI9VCgAAQBAJ&dq=Bogot%C3%A1+Gonzalo+Jim%C3%A9nez+de+Quesada+%226+august+1538%22&pg=PA121 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Stephen V of Moldavia|Ştefan V Lăcustă]] of the Bogdan-Musat dynasty in Romania is appointed as the new Prince of Moldavia by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman, replacing uncle, [[Petru Rareș]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600 |author=Halil İnalcık |publisher=Praeger |year=1973 |page=41 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Preveza]]: The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fleet of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], under the command of [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], defeats the Holy League of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], under the command of [[Andrea Doria]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Selcuk Aksin Somel|title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA39|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-7579-1|pages=39}}</ref>
* [[September 29]]&ndash; The last significant volcanic eruption in the [[Phlegraean Fields]] of Italy begins and lasts one week.<ref name=MDLLGR>{{cite journal |last1=Di Vito |first1=Mauro |last2=Lirer |first2=Lucio |last3=Mastrolorenzo |first3=Giuseppe |last4=Rolandi |first4=Giuseppe |title=The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy) |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |date=1 August 1987 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=608–615 |doi=10.1007/BF01079966 |bibcode=1987BVol...49..608D |s2cid=128745563 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01079966 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Campi Flegrei: The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption |url=https://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/boris/mirror/mirrored_html/Montenuovo.html |website=www.geo.mtu.edu |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October 6]] &ndash; The eruption the Italian volcano ends after seven days, having created [[Monte Nuovo]].<ref name=MDLLGR/>
* [[October 28]] &ndash; The first university of the [[New World]], the [[Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino]], is founded on the island of [[Hispaniola]] in [[Santo Domingo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jiminez |first1=F. A. |title=University rivalry in Hispaniola. |journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |date=1979 |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=700–707 |pmid=393344 |pmc=1808221 |issn=0028-7091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Universidades españolas y americanas: época colonial |date=1987 |publisher=CSIC Press |isbn=978-84-7579-444-0 |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWYZ_ExqymkC&dq=Universidad+Santo+Tom%C3%A1s+de+Aquino+%22primera+universidad%22+28+de+octubre+de+1538&pg=RA19-PA10 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[November 5]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Diu (1538)|siege of the Indian city of Diu]] ends as the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces withdraw from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] held city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benians |first1=Ernest Alfred |last2=Newton |first2=Arthur Percival |last3=Rose |first3=John Holland |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |date=1940 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&dq=Siege+of+Diu+Gujarat+%225+november+1538%22&pg=PA15 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 30]]
** [[Sucre]], Bolivia, is founded under the name ''Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo''.
** Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: [[Byland Abbey]] is dissolved.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newsome |first1=Clive |title=The Abbey Trail |date=July 2003 |publisher=SIGMA PRESS |isbn=978-1-85058-803-0 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syg8cN9n6XgC&dq=Byland+Abbey+%2230+november+1538%22&pg=PA79 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Byland Abbey |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/byland-abbey/history/ |website=English Heritage |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul III]] confirms the [[excommunication]] of [[Henry VIII of England]] from the Roman Catholic church.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scarisbrick|first=J. J.|author-link=Jack Scarisbrick|year=1997|title=Henry VIII|publisher=Yale University Press|edition=2nd|location=New Haven|isbn=0-300-07158-2|page=361}}</ref>

===Date unknown===
* [[Michelangelo]] starts work on the ''[[Piazza del Campidoglio]]'' on the [[Capitoline Hill]] in Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zirpolo |first1=Lilian H. |title=Michelangelo: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works |date=9 August 2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2304-1 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Michelangelo+Piazza+del+Campidoglio+Capitoline+Hill+%221538%22&pg=PA139 |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ackerman |first1=James S. |title=The Architecture of Michelangelo: Catalogue |date=1964 |publisher=A. Zwemmer |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyURAQAAMAAJ&q=%20%221538%22%20piazza |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern [[China]] during the [[Ming dynasty]], made worse by a decision of [[1527]] to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for [[granary|granaries]].
* In China, a [[tsunami]] floods over the [[seawall]] in [[Haiyan County, Zhejiang|Haiyan County]] of [[Zhejiang]] province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of [[1545]]).