Editing 1537 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; Princess [[Madeleine of Valois]], the 16-year-old daughter of [[Francis I of France|François I]], King of France, is married to King [[James V of Scotland]] in a ceremony at the cathedral of [[Notre-Dame de Paris]]. Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the [[Holyrood Palace]] in [[Edinburgh]] on July 7.<ref>{{cite book |last=Seward |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Seward |title=Prince of the Renaissance: The Golden Life of François I |url=https://archive.org/details/princeofrenaissa00sewa |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Co |location= New York |year=1973 |isbn=9780026097000 |page=194}}</ref> 
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence]] is assassinated by [[Lorenzino de' Medici]], a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo I]] of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Bigod's Rebellion]], an uprising by Roman Catholics, led by [[Francis Bigod]] against [[Henry VIII of England]] and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize [[Scarborough Castle]] in [[Yorkshire]].<ref name=Hicks>{{cite ODNB |last=Hicks |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=Bigod, Sir Francis (1507–1537) |id=2375}}</ref>
* [[January 19]] &ndash;  Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at [[Beverley, Yorkshire]], but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of [[Cumberland]].<ref name=Hicks/>   
* [[January]] &ndash; At the [[battle of Ollantaytambo]], the Inca Emperor [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]] defeats the Spanish led by [[Hernando Pizarro]] and the Spaniards' Indian allies 
* [[February 10]] &ndash;  Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at [[Carlisle Castle]]. He is hanged at [[Tyburn]] on June 2.<ref name=Hicks/> 
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[Chipatá, Santander|Chipatá]], now in the [[Santander Department]] of the [[Republic of Colombia]], is founded by the Spanish conquistadors [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]] as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of [[New Kingdom of Granada|Nueva Granada]], which will later be divided into the nations of [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]. 
* [[March 12]] &ndash;  [[Recife]] is founded by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], in [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=Jorge José Araujo |title=O MANGUEZAL E A SOCIEDADE PERNAMBUCANA-BRASI |journal=Revista Geográfica de América Centra |date=2011 |pages=1–22 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4517/451744820676.pdf |access-date=23 August 2023|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Da Cartografia dos Antigos Engenhos à Cartografia Holandesa e Portuguesa |url=https://www.ufmg.br/rededemuseus/crch/simposio/BORBOREMA_ANA_CLAUDIA_B_ET_AL.pdf |website=Brazilian Syposium on Historical Cartography |access-date=23 August 2023|language=pt}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; The Archbishop of [[Norway]], [[Olav Engelbrektsson]], flees from  [[Trondheim]] to [[Lier, Belgium]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ekroll |first=Øystein |date=2015 |title=The Octagonal Shrine Chapel of St Olav at Nidaros Cathedral |url=https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2372702 |type=PhD |page=35 |publisher=Nσorwegian University of Science and Technology |access-date=23 August 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holte |first1=Roar |title=Erkebiskop Olav Engelbrektsson taler sin sak. En analyse av erkebiskopens politiske korrespondanse og utvalgte notater 1523-1533 |date=2014 |publisher=University of Oslo |page=2 |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/40198 |access-date=23 August 2023|language=no}}</ref>
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Diego de Almagro]] successfully charges [[Manco Inca]]'s [[siege of Cuzco]], thereby saving his antagonists, the [[Pizarro brothers]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hemming |first=John |title = The Conquest of the Incas |url = https://archive.org/details/conquestofincas0000hemm_j0r5| year = 1993 |publisher = London: Macmillan|isbn=0-333-10683-0 }}</ref>
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]]: [[Bacatá]], the main settlement of the [[Muisca Confederation]], is conquered by [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]], effectively ending the Confederation in the [[Colombia]]n Eastern Andes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kathleen Romoli|title=Colombia: Gateway to South America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOtrAAAAMAAJ|year=1944|publisher=Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated|page=105}}</ref>
* [[May 17]] &ndash; 
**The [[Siege of Steinvikholm (1537)|siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants]] of [[Steinvikholm Castle]] in [[Norway]], the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed.{<ref>{{cite book| last=Beek|first=Dag Johan|title=I erkebiskopens tid|publisher=|location=Kristiansand|year=2013|isbn=978-82-999312-0-5|language=Norwegian}}</ref>
**The [[Ottoman Empire]] invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of [[Apulia]], [[Otranto]] and [[Brindisi]], in a campaign that would last until November 22.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turnbull | first=Stephen R. |title=The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699 | publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |year=2003 |page=52 |isbn=978-0-415-96913-0}}</ref>
* [[June 2]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul III]] publishes the encyclical ''[[Sublimis Deus]]'', which declares the natives of the [[New World]] to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=John Francis |title=Slavery and the Catholic Church |date=1975 |publisher=Barry Rose Publishers |location=Chichester |isbn=978-0-85992-015-5 |pages=69–70 |url=https://archive.org/details/slaverycatholicc0000maxw/page/68/mode/2up?q=1537 |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=John |title=New worlds : a religious history of Latin America |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-16680-4 |page=32 |url=https://archive.org/details/newworldsreligio0000lync/page/32/mode/2up?q=1537 |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 23]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Hamar|Siege of Hamar]] ends with the arrest of Bishop [[Mogens Lauritssøn]], and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 12]]&ndash; [[Rodrigo Orgóñez]] occupies and sacks the Inca center of [[Vitcos]] at the [[battle of Abancay]], but [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]] escapes and establishes the independent [[Neo-Inca State]] elsewhere in [[Vilcabamba, Peru]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hemming |first1=John |title=The conquest of the Incas |date=1993 |publisher=Papermac |location=London |isbn=978-0-333-51794-9 |page=224 |url=https://archive.org/details/conquestofincas0000hemm_j0r5/page/224/mode/2up?q=Vilcabamba |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
* [[July 22]] &ndash; Upon the death of his father, [[Bhim Singh of Amber|Bhim Singh]], [[Ratan Singh of Amber|Ratan Singh]] becomes the new ruler of the [[Kingdom of Amber]] with a capital at [[Amber, India|Amber]] in what is now the [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1984|page=33|isbn=81-250-0333-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA33}}</ref>
* [[July 23]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)|third Ottoman–Venetian War]] begins as the Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] leads an invasion of the [[Republic of Venice]]. The war will continue until October 2, 1540.<ref>{{cite book|title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire|pages=39|author=Aksin Somel, Selcuk|isbn=9780810875791|date=2010|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The [[battle of Montemurlo]], an attempt by residents of the former [[Republic of Florence]] to overthrow [[Cosimo I de' Medici]], [[Duchy of Florence|Duke of Florence]] and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General [[Piero Strozzi]].
* [[August 12]] &ndash; The [[coronation]] of [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]] as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at Copenhagen.<ref>[http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/The-Royal-Lineage The Royal Lineage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314224944/http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/The-Royal-Lineage |date=2015-03-14 }}</ref> 
* [[August 15]] &ndash; The city of [[Asunción]], now the capital of the South American nation of [[Paraguay]], is founded by [[Juan de Salazar de Espinosa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schuster |first1=Adolph N. |title=Paraguay. Land, Volk, Geschichte, Wirtschaftsleben und Kolonisation |date=1929 |publisher=Strecker u. Schröder |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6LVAAAAMAAJ&q=%2215%20august%201537%22 |access-date=23 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[August 25]] &ndash; The [[Honourable Artillery Company]], the oldest surviving regiment in the [[British Army]], and the second most senior, is formed.
* [[August 26]]&ndash;The [[Siege of Corfu (1537)|siege of the island of Corfu]] is started by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garnier |first=Edith |title=L'Alliance Impie |date=2008 |publisher=Editions du Felin |isbn=978-2-86645-678-8 |page=135 |language=fr}}</ref> Suleiman abandons the siege in September after an outbreak of plague, and the Ottoman troops return home.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Setton |first1=Kenneth Meyer |title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 |date=1976 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-161-3 |pages=431–432 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA431 |access-date=23 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheetham |first1=Nicolas |title=Mediaeval Greece |date=1 January 1981 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10539-1 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htxy53T7QLkC&q=1537 |access-date=23 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 2]] &ndash; King [[Christian III of Denmark]] and Norway appoints [[Gjeble Pederssøn]] as Norway's first Lutheran bishop for the [[Church of Norway]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gjeble Pederssøn |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |editor-last=Godal | editor-first=Anne Marit | editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/Gjeble_Pederssøn|language=no|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Carlos I of Spain]] (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata|Province of Rio de la Plata]] (now [[Paraguay]]) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General [[Pedro de Mendoza]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rivarola|first= Juan Bautista |year=1952|title=La Ciudad de Asunción y la Cédula Real del 12 Setiembre de 1537: Una Lucha por la Libertad|trans-title=The City of Asunción and the Royal Decree of 12 September 1537: A Fight for Freedom|publisher= A. G., Impr. Militar|location= Asunción, Paraguay|oclc= 10830133|language=es}}</ref> [[Domingo Martínez de Irala]] is elected the new Captain-General in 1538.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abente, Diego |year=1989|title=The Liberal Republic and the Failure of Democracy|journal=The Americas|volume=45|issue=4|pages =525–546 (525–526)|doi=10.2307/1007311|jstor=1007311}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 15]] &ndash; Following the baptism of her son, the future [[Edward VI of England]], [[Jane Seymour]] begins suffering from [[puerperal fever]]. The Queen consort dies nine days later.<ref name="LevinBertolet2016">{{cite book|author1=Carole Levin|author2=Anna Riehl Bertolet|author3=Jo Eldridge Carney|title=A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA280|date=3 November 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-44071-2|pages=280}}</ref>
[[File:Silver coin of Kashmir Sultanate.jpg|thumb|Silver coin (sasnu) of the Kashmiri [[sultan]] Shams al-Din Shah II, 1537-38]]
* [[November 1]] &ndash; In what is now the Central American nation of [[Honduras]], the Spanish conquistadore [[Alonso de Cáceres]] arrives at the [[Peñol de Cerquín]], the mountaintop fortress of [[Lempira (Lenca ruler)|King Lempira]] of the [[Lenca]]s, the indigenous leader of the resistance against European rule. Cáceres sends envoys to request Lempira to surrender. In response, Lempira has the Spanish messengers executed.<ref>Robert S. Chamberlain, ''The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras: 1502–1550''(Octagon Books, 1953) p.53 {{OCLC|640057454}}</ref>
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Alfonso d'Avalos]], the Marquis of Vasto in Italy, enters into a three-month truce with the French [[Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency|Duke of Montmorency]] to negotiate a peace for which areas would be under French control.<ref>Christine Shaw, (2019).''The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe'' (Routledge, 2019) p.222</ref>
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Petar Keglević]] takes office as the new Ottoman Governor of Croatia and of Slavonia.<ref>[https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/keglevic-petar-hrvatsko-slavonsko-dalmatinski-ban Hrvatska enciklopedija- Keglević, Petar]</ref> 
* [[December 28]] &ndash; The [[Ordonnance de Montpellier]], establishing the first system in Europe for [[legal deposit|all writers to submit copies of their printed work]] to the government for review and maintenance in a library, is signed into law by [[Francis I of France|King François I]] of France. The law provides that a book cannot be legally sold until a copy has been deposited in the royal library.<ref>{{cite book| last=Larivière| first=Jules| year= 2000| title=Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation| publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)| location=Paris| url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001214/121413Eo.pdf |chapter=History of Legal Deposit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://billets.domec.net/tag/François%20Ier |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917190044/http://billets.domec.net/tag/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ier |archivedate=2015-09-17|title=Texte intégral de l'ordonnance de Montpellier |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* Spanish counquistadors in what are now [[Peru]] and [[Colombia]] become the first Europeans to discover the [[History of the potato|potato]], one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. [[Pedro Cieza de León]], part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later<ref>Carolyn A. Nadeau, ''Food Matters: Alonso Quijano's Diet and the Discourse of Food in Early Modern Spain'' (University of Toronto Press, 2015) p.95</ref> while Don Juan Castellanos refers to the edible plant as part of a military report on raiding an Inca village in Peru.<ref>Redcliffe N. Salaman, ''The History and Social Influence of the Potato'' (Cambridge University Press, 1949, reprinted 1985) p.36</ref> The potato is introduced to Europe more than 30 years later, in [[1570]].<ref name=Walker>Barry Walker and Huw Lloyd, with Gerald Cheshire, ''Peruvian Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide to the Central Andes'' (Bradt Travel Guides, 2007) p.34</ref>
* Kashmiri sultan [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Shah]] dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mir Sultanate]] in 1537.
* [[Kiritimati]] (''Acea'' or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maude |first1=H. E. |last2=Heyen |first2=G. H. |title=Spanish Discoveries in the Central Pacific: A Study in Identification |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1959 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=284–326 |jstor=20703766 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20703766 |access-date=23 August 2023 |issn=0032-4000}}</ref>
* The Indian city of [[Bangalore]] is first mentioned in print. .<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1885 |publisher=Trübner & Company |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uI4bAQAAIAAJ&dq=Bangalore+first+mentioned+%221537%22&pg=PA68 |access-date=23 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by [[Christian III of Denmark|King Christian III]]; these include [[Bakke Abbey]], [[Munkeby Abbey]], [[Tautra Abbey]], [[Nidarholm Abbey]], [[Gimsøy Abbey]] and [[Utstein Abbey]].
* Publication is made of two complete [[Bible translations into English]], both based on Tyndale's. [[Myles Coverdale]]'s 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in [[Southwark]], London)<ref name="Bible">{{cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=William Sparrow |title=S. Paul's Cathedral Library: A Catalogue of Bibles, Rituals, and Rare Books |date=1893 |publisher=E. Stock |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Enc_AAAAIAAJ&dq=James+Nicholson+in+Southwark+Myles+Coverdale+1535+%221537%22&pg=PA7 |access-date=24 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Matthew Bible]], edited by [[John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)|John Rogers]] under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in [[Antwerp]].<ref name="Bible" />

===Ongoing===
* [[Dissolution of the monasteries]] in England: Religious organizations dissolved by [[Henry VIII of England]] include: [[Bisham Priory]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Houses of Austin canons: The priory of Bisham |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/berks/vol2/pp82-85 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref> [[Castle Acre Priory]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Houses of Cluniac monks: The priory of Castle Acre |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/norf/vol2/pp356-358 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref> [[Chertsey Abbey]],<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Benedictine monks: Abbey of Chertsey |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol2/pp55-64 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref> [[Furness Abbey]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Coucher Book of Furness Abbey |date=1888 |publisher=Chetham Society |location=Manchester |page=lviii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQE4OCWcJAcC&dq=Furness+Abbey+%221537%22&pg=PA534 |access-date=24 August 2023 |language=la}}</ref> [[London Charterhouse]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William Frederick |title=The Charterhouse of London: Monastery, Palace, and Thomas Sutton's Foundation |date=1912 |publisher=J.M. Dent & sons, Limited |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lt0AAAAMAAJ&q=%221537%22 |access-date=24 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Houses: House of Carthusian monks |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp159-169 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref> and [[Valle Crucis Abbey]].