Editing 1525 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 21]] &ndash; The [[Anabaptist]] Movement is born<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Bruce |title=The Swiss Reformation |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5118-0 |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0W8AAAAIAAJ&q=%2221%20january%22 |access-date=30 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> when [[Conrad Grebel]], [[Felix Manz]], [[George Blaurock]], and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, [[Zürich]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hershberger |first1=Guy Franklin |title=Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung |date=1963 |publisher=Evangelisches Verlagswerk |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDyej9uelbIC&q=%20%E2%80%9E21.%20Januar%201525%E2%80%9C |access-date=30 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Pavia]]: German and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces under [[Charles de Lannoy]] and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the [[Kingdom of France|French]] army, and capture [[Francis I of France]], after his horse is wounded by [[Cesare Hercolani]]. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] with [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] against the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] are made.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Giono|title=The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-FnAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=P. Owen|page=134}}</ref>
* [[February 28]] &ndash; The last Aztec Emperor, [[Cuauhtémoc]], is killed by [[Hernán Cortés]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ludlow |first1=Úrsula Camba |last2=Rosas |first2=Alejandro |title=Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés |date=21 October 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México |isbn=978-607-31-7361-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAtuDwAAQBAJ&q=%2228+de+febrero%22 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=es|quote=Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.}}</ref>
* [[March 20]] &ndash; In the [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] town of [[Memmingen]], the pamphlet ''The [[Twelve Articles]]: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed'' is published,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franz |first1=Günther |title=Die Entstehung der "Zwölf Artikel" der deutschen Bauernschaft |journal=Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History |date=1 December 1939 |volume=36 |issue=jg |pages=193–213 |doi=10.14315/arg-1939-jg14 |s2cid=163739674 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.14315/arg-1939-jg14/html |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=de |issn=2198-0489}}</ref> the first human rights related document written in Europe.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[German Peasants' War]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]: Battle of Leipheim &ndash; The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by [[Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg]] and the town of [[Leipheim]] is forced to surrender.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engels |first1=Friedrich |title=The Peasant War in Germany |date=1926 |publisher=International Publishers |isbn=978-91-40-09955-6 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fh_TAAAAMAAJ&q=%22april%204%22 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]] commits [[Prussian Homage]].
* [[May 14]]&ndash;[[May 15|15]] &ndash;  [[German Peasants' War]]: [[Battle of Frankenhausen]] &ndash; [[Insurgency|Insurgent]] peasants led by radical pastor [[Thomas Müntzer]] are defeated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wienecke-Janz |first1=Detlef |title=Die Chronik der Deutschen |date=2007 |publisher=Wissenmedia Verlag |isbn=978-3-577-14374-5 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Za5BeIUnNwoC&dq=Schlacht+bei+Frankenhausen+Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%E2%80%9EAufst%C3%A4ndischen%E2%80%9C+15.+Mai+1525&pg=PA136 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of [[Mühlhausen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sternal |first1=Bernd |title=Die Harz - Geschichte 4: Reformation, Bauernkrieg und Schmalkaldischer Krieg |date=31 July 2014 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-7357-5965-8 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRItBAAAQBAJ&dq=Schlacht+bei+Frankenhausen+Thomas+M%C3%BCntzer+%E2%80%9EAufst%C3%A4ndischen%E2%80%9C+15.+Mai+1525&pg=PA32 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther]] marries ex-nun [[Katharina von Bora]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Ocker|title=Luther, Conflict, and Christendom: Reformation Europe and Christianity in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAtmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA437|date=30 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-19768-8|pages=437}}</ref> The painter [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] is one of the witnesses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowers |first1=Diane V. |title=To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora's Wedding as Reform and Resistance |journal=Religions |date=March 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=116 |doi=10.3390/rel11030116 |language=en |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Henry VIII of England]] appoints his six-year old illegitimate son [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset|Henry FitzRoy]] [[Duke of Richmond]] and [[Duke of Somerset|Somerset]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Roger S. |last2=Beauclerk-Dewar |first2=Peter de Vere |title=Royal bastards : illegitimate children of the British Royal family |date=2008 |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7524-4668-4 |page=191 |url=https://archive.org/details/royalbastardsill00roge/page/190/mode/2up?q=%2218+june%22 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Henry VIII: June 1525, 11-20 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol4/pp626-643 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 23]]&ndash;[[June 24|24]] &ndash; [[German Peasants' War]]: [[Battle of Pfeddersheim]] &ndash; Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Santa Marta]], the first city in [[Colombia]], is founded by Spanish ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Rodrigo de Bastidas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castro |first1=Ricardo |title=Páginas históricas colombianas |date=1912 |publisher=Imprenta Editorial |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM1NAQAAMAAJ&dq=Santa+Marta+%22primera+ciudad%22+29+julio+1525+Rodrigo+de+Bastidas&pg=PA415 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[August 13]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Sophie of Pomerania]] as Queen consort of Denmark takes place in [[Copenhagen]], a little more than a year after her husband's coronation as [[Frederick I of Denmark|King Frederick I]]. She is granted [[Lolland]] and [[Falster]], the [[Kiel Castle|castles in Kiel]] and [[Plön Castle|Plön]], and several villages in [[Holstein]] for her income.<ref>Laurs Laursen,  [https://runeberg.org/dbl/16/0166.html "Sophie"],  ''Dansk Biografisk Lexikon'' (Danish Biographical Dictionary), 1st edition, Volume XVI, p.164</ref>
* [[August 30]] &ndash; The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the [[Treaty of the More]] at a castle, "[[The More]]", in [[Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.henryviiithereign.co.uk/1525-treaty-of-the-more.html |title=The Treaty of the More |website=Henry VIII,the Reign}}</ref>
* [[September 14]] &ndash; In [[Switzerland]], the burning of most of the book collection of the ''Stiftsbibliothek'' of the [[Grossmünster]] Abbey in [[Zurich]] begins, by order of [[Huldrych Zwingli]], as part of the [[Swiss Reformation]].  After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since [[1259]] for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.<ref>Martin Germann, ''Die reformierte Stiftsbibliothek am Großmünster Zürich im 16. Jahrhundert und die Anfänge der neuzeitlichen Bibliographie'' ("The reformed collegiate library at the Grossmünster in Zurich in the 16th century and the beginnings of modern bibliography")(Harrassowitz, 1994)</ref>
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Jeremias I of Constantinople|Jeremias I]] is restored to the position of [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]], leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate |last=Kiminas |first=Demetrius |year=2009 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1-4344-5876-6 |page=38,46}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus|the Earl of Angus]], Scotland's [[Lord Warden of the Marches]] in charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town of [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=George Ridpath|author2=Philip Ridpath|title=The border history of England and Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO_oAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Mercat Press|isbn=978-0-901824-58-5|pages=261–363}}</ref>  
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] acting in his capacity as the [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]], issues an edict [[Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims]] in the [[Crown of Aragon]], similar to that issued for the [[Crown of Castile]] by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] and the [[Principality of Catalonia]].<ref name=Harvey>L. P. Harvey, ''Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93</ref>
* [[December 8]] &ndash; A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or  to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).<ref name=Harvey/>
* [[December 31]] &ndash; The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.<ref name=Harvey/>
* December &ndash; The first French ambassador to reach the [[Sublime Porte]], [[Jean Frangipani]], sets out for [[Constantinople]].

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Mixco Viejo]], capital of the Pocomans [[Maya civilization|Maya]] State, falls to the Spanish ''conquistadores'' of [[Pedro de Alvarado]] (in modern-day [[Guatemala]]) after a three-month siege.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahler |first1=Richard |title=Guatemala: Adventures in Nature |date=1999 |publisher=John Muir Publications |isbn=978-1-56261-430-0 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CifsAAAAMAAJ&q=%20%221525%22%20three%20month |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* European-brought diseases sweep through the [[Andes]], killing thousands, including the [[Inca]].
* The [[Bubonic plague]] spreads in southern [[Kingdom of France|France]].
* Printing of the first edition of [[William Tyndale]]'s [[New Testament]] [[Bible translation]] into English in [[Cologne]] is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tyndale's New Testament, 1525 |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/tyndales-new-testament-1525 |website=www.bl.uk |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> (finished copies reach England in 1526).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tenney |first1=Merrill C. |title=The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 5: Revised Full-Color Edition |date=10 August 2010 |publisher=Zondervan Academic |isbn=978-0-310-87700-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6F9VYz74aUC&q=1525%20tyndale |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en|quote=In 1525 or 1526 copies of Tyndale's first English NT reached England.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniell |first1=David |title=William Tyndale: A Biography |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06880-1 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0065SxiVu5kC&dq=copies+england+tyndale+%221526%22&pg=PA134 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* Printing of [[Huldrych Zwingli]]'s New Testament '[[Zürich Bible]]' translation into German by [[Christoph Froschauer]] begins.
* The [[Navarre witch trials (1525-26)]] begins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Stuart |last2=Monter |first2=William |title=Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-485-89004-4 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1SFPods4DkC&dq=Navarre+witch+trials+%221525%22&pg=PA45 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* The Chinese Ministry of War under the [[Ming dynasty]] orders ships having more than one [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to [[Wokou|curb piracy]] and limit private commercial trade abroad.
*[[Kasur]] established as a city by the [[Kheshgi]] tribe of [[Pashtuns]] from [[Kabul]] who migrate to the region in 1525 from [[Afghanistan]].
* The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to [[Johannes Trithemius]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodrick-Clarke |first1=Nicholas |title=The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction |date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971756-9 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwoK5XYXrAC&dq=Age+of+Gabriel+Johannes+Trithemius+%221525%22&pg=PA52 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>