Editing 1455 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;December ===
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Pope Nicholas V]] publishes ''[[Romanus Pontifex]]'', an encyclical addressed to King [[Afonso V of Portugal]], which sanctions the conquest of non-Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery'. (Later there will be a dramatic reversal when, in [[1537]], the bull ''[[Sublimis Deus]]'' of [[Pope Paul III]] forbids the enslavement of non-Christians.)
* [[February 23]] &ndash; The [[Gutenberg Bible]] is the first book printed with [[movable type]].<ref>{{cite book|title=This Facsimile Page of Gutenberg's 42-line Bible (1453-1455) was Printed on the Gutenberg Press Loaned by the Gutenberg Museum of Mainz for "A Century of Progress International Exposition", Chicago, 1933, and Exhibited by the Cuneo Press, Inc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHhiYgEACAAJ|year=1933|publisher=Gutenberg Press}}</ref>
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Pope Calixtus III]] succeeds [[Pope Nicholas V]], as the 209th [[pope]].
* Spring &ndash; The [[Wars of the Roses]] begin in [[Kingdom of England|England]].
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Arkinholm]]: Forces loyal to King [[James II of Scotland]] defeat the supporters of the [[Earl of Douglas]].
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[First Battle of St Albans]]: [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York|Richard, Duke of York]], defeats and captures King [[Henry VI of England]].<ref name=Sadler>{{cite book|author=John Sadler|title=The Red Rose and the White: The Wars of the Roses, 1453-1487|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgWtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR16|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-90518-9|pages=16}}</ref>
* [[July 14]] &ndash; [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years' War]]: a decisive victory by the [[Teutonic Order]] during the [[Battle for Kneiphof]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogalski |first=Leon |title=Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prusami |publisher=S. Orgelbrand |year=1846 |volume=II |location=Warsaw |language=pl}}</ref> a war they would eventually lose with the signing of [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|Thorn]].
* [[November 15]] &ndash; The conflict between [[Vladislav II of Wallachia]] and [[John Hunyadi]] escalates, so the latter decides to support [[Vlad the Impaler]] for the throne of [[Wallachia]], the following year.
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