Editing 1309 (section)

== Events ==
=== January &ndash; March ===
* [[January 6]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry of Luxemburg]] as "[[King of the Romans]]", the person first-in-line to succeed the Holy Roman Emperor, takes place at [[Aachen]] (now in Germany).<ref>Michael Jones, ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', ''Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) p.530</ref> He will become the Emperor in 1312.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; At Avignon, Pope Clement V begins the investigation and posthumous trial of the late [[Pope Boniface VIII]], who was accused of heresy and sodomy after his death in 1303, in papers circulated by [[Guillaume de Nogaret]].<ref>Stephen Howarth, ''The Knights Templar'' (Barnes and Noble, 1982) pp. 11–14</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; King [[Denis of Portugal]] grants the ''Magna Charta Privilegioum'', charter for Portugal's first university, now the [[University of Coimbra]]. Joseph M. M. Hermans and Marc Nelissen, ''Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group'' (Leuven University Press, 2005) p.&nbsp;38.
* [[February 24]] &ndash; In Spain, King [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]] agrees to assist the neighboring [[Kingdom of Aragon]] (led by King, [[James II of Aragon|King Jaume II]], to wage war against the Islamic [[Emirate of Granada]].
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement V]] officially transfers the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Pontiff from [[Rome]] to the French city of [[Avignon]], his residence and at this time part of the [[Kingdom of Arles]], starting the [[Avignon Papacy]]. Since 1305, the papal court had been at [[Poitiers]], and the move is justified by violence in Rome. The papal seat becomes part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and its absence from Rome is referred to as the "[[Babylonian captivity]] of the Papacy".<ref>Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper (2000). ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'', p. 227. Oxford University Press.</ref>
* [[March 14]] &ndash; (1 Shawwal 708 AH) Sultan [[Muhammad III of Granada|Muhammad III]] is deposed during a palace coup after a 7-year reign, and is replaced by his half-brother [[Nasr of Granada|Abu al-Juyush Nasr]], as ruler of the [[Emirate of Granada]]. Muhammad III is spared and allowed to live in [[Almuñécar]], but his vizier, [[Abu Abdallah ibn al-Hakim]], is killed.

=== April &ndash; June ===
* [[April 24]] &ndash; Spanish kings [[James II of Aragon]] and [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]] persuade [[Pope Clement V]] to grant [[Bull of the Crusade|the papal bull ''Indesinentis cure'']], authorizing them approval and church financial support for a crusade to rid the Iberian peninsula of Islam, as well as to conquer Corsica and Sardinia.<ref>"Fernando IV de Castilla: La Conquista de Gibraltar (1309)", by Cesar Gonzalez Mingues, ''Medievalismo'' (2009) p.181</ref> The two monarchs fail to mention their collaboration with the Muslim Marinid Empire, and use the papal bull to plan a blockade of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] with their combined fleet of 40 warships on their mission to expel the Saracen forces from [[Spain]].<ref>Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 123. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[April 29]] &ndash; Pope Clement V issues the papal bull ''Prioribus decanis'' granting King Ferdinand IV {{Fraction|1|10th}} of clergy taxes collected in Castile, in order to finance the war against Granada.<ref>"III Concilio Provincial de Alcala de Henares, 8 Noviembre 1309", in ''Actas Inéditas de Siete Concilos Españoles Celebrados Desde el Año 1282 Hasta el de 1314'' (F. Maroto é Hijos, 1882) p.40</ref>
* [[April]] &ndash;  After his ascent to the throne, the Emir Nasr ad-Din Muhammad of Granada sends envoys to the Marinid court at [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], in [[Morocco]].<ref>Harvey, L. P. (1992). ''Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500'', p. 170. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-31962-9}}.</ref>
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Robert, King of Naples|Robert the Wise]] becomes the new [[King of Naples]] upon the death of his father, [[Charles II of Naples|Charles the Lame]]. 
* [[May 12]] &ndash; Marinid Sultan [[Abu al-Rabi Sulayman]] launches an attack on [[Ceuta]]. He concludes an alliance with King James II of Castile, and concedes commercial benefits to Castilian merchants. Abu al-Rabi also sends 1,000 measures of wheat to Aragon. A few months later, Marinid forces, without Castilian support, occupy Ceuta and expel Saracen forces from [[Morocco]].<ref>Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 127. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref> 
* [[June 15]] &ndash; The second [[Coronation of the Hungarian monarch|coronation]] of [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]] as [[King of Hungary]] takes place at [[Székesfehérvár]] after a first attempt in 1301 was not recognized.

=== July &ndash; September ===
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Portugal]] joins forces with the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in their attack on Gibraltar.
* [[July 18]] &ndash; King James II of Aragon and his navy depart from Valencia on their expedition to begin the [[Siege of Almería (1309)|Siege of Almería]].
* [[July 21]] &ndash; The north African territory of [[Ceuta]], controlled by the Emirate of Granada, [[Battle of Ceuta (1309)|is conquered by a fleet of ships]], led by Eimeric de Bellveí, from the Kingdom of Aragon.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; (21 Safar 709 A.H.) [[Siege of Algeciras (1309–1310)|Siege of Algeciras]]: Castilian forces led by Ferdinand IV "the Summoned"") begin the siege of [[Algeciras]], capital of the Emirate of Granada.<ref>J. H. Mann "XVII: The First Siege", in ''A History of Gibraltar and its Sieges'' (Provost, 1873) p. 355</ref> [[Denis of Portugal|King Denis I of Portugal]] ("the Poet King") sends a contingent of 700 knights to support the siege. He provides Ferdinand, in accordance with his friendship, a loan of 16,600 silver marks.
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Siege of Almería (1309)|Siege of Almería]]: Aragonese forces (some 12,000 men) under King James II of Aragon ("James the Just") land on the coast of [[Almería]] and begin blockading the city with his fleet. His forces include [[siege engine]]s such as [[mangonel]]s and [[trebuchet]]s. James orders multiple unsuccessful assaults on the city and is forced (due to a shortage of supplies) to make a truce in December.<ref>Harvey, L. P. (1992). ''Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500'', p. 175. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-31962-9}}.</ref><ref>Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', pp. 131–132. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes|Conquest of Rhodes]]: The Byzantine garrison of the city of [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]] surrenders to the Crusader forces of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] under Grand Master [[Foulques de Villaret]] – completing their conquest of [[Rhodes]]. The knights establish their headquarters on the island and rename themselves as the [[Knights of Rhodes]].<ref>Failler, Albert (1992). "L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers", pp. 128–132. ''Revue des études byzantines'' (in French).</ref>
* [[August 23]] &ndash; A relief force from the Emirate of Granada attempts to drive out the Kingdom of Aragon forces at Almeria, but loses thousands of men.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan, ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) p.131</ref>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[First siege of Gibraltar|Siege of Gibraltar]]: Castilian forces under [[Juan Núñez II de Lara]] and [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán]] besiege and conquer the Saracen fortress at [[Gibraltar]], which had been held by them for nearly 600 years (since the year [[AD 711|711]]). During the siege, the port is blockaded. Ferdinand IV of Castile orders repairs of the damaged city walls.<ref>Jackson, William G. F. (1986). ''The Rock of the Gibraltarians'', p. 41. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press. {{ISBN|0-8386-3237-8}}.</ref>

=== October &ndash; December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; In Italy, the [[Archbishop of Milan]], [[Cassone della Torre]], is imprisoned by troops sent by his cousin [[Guido della Torre]] to attack the archbishop's palace.<ref name=Cazzani>Eugenio Cazzani, ''Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano'' (Massimo, 1996) pp. 183–185</ref> 
* [[October 18]] 
**At [[Avignon]], [[Pope Clement V]] signs a mandate consenting "for any persons who wanted to proceed against the memory of [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]] to proceed" and sends it to the Bishop of Paris for the posthumous trial of Boniface for heresy.<ref>Denis de Sainte-Marthe, ''Gallia Christiana, in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa'' (Lutetiae Parisiorum, 1716) pp. 919–920</ref>
**King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] summons a council to meet at [[York]], but several nobles (the earls of Lancaster, Lincoln, Warwick, Oxford and Arundel) refuse to attend due to [[Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Piers Gaveston]]'s attendance. Since he returned from exile, Gaveston tries to alienate the nobles from the king.<ref>William Stubbs, ''The Constitutional History of England, in Its Origin and Development'' (Clarendon Press, 1880) p.353</ref>
* [[October 20]] &ndash; In what is now central [[Myanmar]], the coronation of [[Thihathu]] as the monarch of the [[Myinsaing Kingdom]] takes place.
* [[October 22]] &ndash; The trial of the [[Knights Templar in England|Knights Templar]] arrested in England begins and will continue for the next five months, ending on March 18, 1310.
* [[October 29]] &ndash; Archbishop [[Cassone della Torre]] of Milan is exiled to [[Bologna]] by his cousin Guido, who is later excommunicated. 
* [[October 31]] &ndash; In India, [[Alauddin Khalji]], [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]], orders General [[Malik Kafur]] to invade the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya kingdom]], ruled by [[Prataparudra]], and [[Siege of Warangal (1310)|to besiege its capital]], [[Warangal]] (now in India's [[Telangana]] state).<ref name=Kishori>Kishori Saran Lal, ''History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)'' (The Indian Press, 1950) p.194</ref> 
* [[October]] &ndash; About 500 knights led by [[John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos]], uncle of King James II of Castile,  desert the Castilian encampment during the Siege of Algeciras because they are not getting paid and because one-sixth of Granada will be ceded to the Kingdom of Aragon. King Ferdinand of Aragon continues the siege.<ref>Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', pp. 128–130. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[November 4]] &ndash; Pope Clement V declares that Knights Hospitaller will not be sent to the [[Holy Land]] and [[Jerusalem]], and that they will be limited to defending the Mediterranean Sea including Cyprus and Rhodes.
* [[November 13]] &ndash; After a layover in Masudspur, the Delhi Sultanate Army of General Kafur resumes its march toward Warangal, stopping at Sultanpur on November 19, at Khandar on December 5 and at Nikanth on December 27.<ref>"The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji", by Banarsi Prasad Saksena, in ''A Comprehensive History of India'' (volume 5): ''The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)''; (People's Publishing House, 1992)</ref>
* [[November 19]] &ndash; Pope Clement V reverses the excommunication of Flemish hero [[Willem van Saeftinghe]] and grants him absolution, but requires him to join the Knights Hospitaller in their crusade at the island of [[Rhodes]].
* [[December 18]] &ndash; In Spain, three months after the September 19 death of [[Alonso Pérez de Guzmán]], [[Fernando Ponce de León]] is made the new ruler of [[Marchena, Spain|Marchena]], as well as Bornos, Espera, Rota and Chipiona by King [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]].

=== By place ===
==== England ====
* [[Alnwick Castle]] in [[Northumberland]] is bought by the [[House of Percy]], later [[Earl of Northumberland|Earls of Northumberland]].

==== Cities and Towns ====
* The village of [[Lukáčovce]] in [[Slovakia]] first appears in the [[History|historical records]].