Editing 1297 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[January 8]] &ndash; Guelph forces, led by the Genoese leader [[François Grimaldi]] (''il Malizia''), storm and capture the [[Rock of Monaco]]. François, disguised as a Franciscan [[friar]], gains entry to the city, and opens the gates for his soldiers. He seizes the castle with his stepson [[Rainier I of Monaco, Lord of Cagnes|Rainier I]], an event that is commemorated on the [[coat of arms of Monaco]]. Rainier becomes the first sovereign ruler of the [[House of Grimaldi]] in [[Monaco]]; he rules initially until [[1301]], but the family will be ruling there into the 21st century. 
* [[Treaty of Alcañices]]: Kings [[Denis of Portugal]] ("the Poet King") and 11-year-old [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]] ("the Summoned") (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent [[Maria de Molina]]) sign a treaty between [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.<ref>Sheila R. Ackerlind (1990). ''King Dinis of Portugal and the Alfonsine heritage'', pp. 10–11. Peter Lang Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8204-0921-4}}.</ref>
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Furnes]]: French forces under [[Robert II, Count of Artois|Robert II]] defeat the Flemings at [[Veurne]]. During the battle, Robert's son [[Philip of Artois]] is gravely wounded and dies a year later of his wounds.<ref>Charles T. Wood (1966). ''The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1328'', p. 59. Harvard University Press.</ref>

==== British Isles ====
* [[April 14]] &ndash; King [[Edward I of England]] makes an appeal outside [[Palace of Westminster#Westminster Hall|Westminster Hall]] for support for the war against [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince [[Edward II of England|Edward of Caernarfon]]. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.
* May &ndash; [[William Wallace]], Scottish rebel leader, leads an uprising against the English at [[Lanark]] and [[Action at Lanark|kills Sheriff William Hesselrig]]. He joins with [[William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas|William Douglas the Hardy]], the first Scottish nobleman in rebellion – combining forces at [[Sanquhar]], [[Durisdeer]] and [[Scone Abbey]] (known as the [[Raid on Scone]]) in June. Later, Wallace captures the English treasury at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]] to finance the rebellion against Edward I of England.<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98'', pp. 30–32. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; Edward I of England orders a punitive expedition against the rebellious Scots. At [[Roxburgh]], an army of some 9,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) led by [[John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]] is assembled. Meanwhile, William Wallace leaves the forest of [[Selkirk, Scottish Borders|Selkirk]] with reinforcements and turns his attention north of the [[River Forth]].<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98'', p. 33. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref>
* July &ndash; In [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by [[Robert Wishart]], bishop of [[Diocese of Glasgow and Galloway|Glasgow]]), but are defeated by English troops at [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]]. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king [[Robert the Bruce]] and other Scottish leaders.
* [[August 22]] &ndash; Edward I of England leads an [[English expedition to Flanders (1297–1298)|expedition to Flanders]]. He moves with an army (some 8,000 men) supported by 800 knights to [[Ghent]] and makes the city his base of operations in [[Flanders]]. 
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Stirling Bridge]]: Scottish forces (some 6,000 men) led by [[Andrew Moray]] and William Wallace defeat an English army under John de Warenne at [[Stirling]] on the Forth.<ref>Cowan, Edward J. (2007). ''The Wallace Book'', p. 69. {{ISBN|978-0-85976-652-4}}.</ref>
* October&ndash;November &ndash; Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in [[Northumberland]] and [[Cumberland]]. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed [[Guardian of Scotland]].<ref>Sarah Crome (1999). ''Scotland's First War of Independence'', p. 57. {{ISBN|978-0-9536316-0-5}}.</ref> (Contradicts [[First Scottish War of Independence]] that cites William Wallace as having been made a knight and Guardian of Scotland in March, 1298)
* Winter &ndash; Edward I of England accepts a truce proposed by King [[Philip IV of France]] ("the Fair") and leaves Flanders. He returns to [[London]] and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Stefano Colonna]], Italian chief magistrate and papal official, captures the treasure of the [[tomb of Caecilia Metella]] near [[Rome]], which is sent by the rival [[Caetani]] family to [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="Vigueur 2010">{{cite book|last=Maire Vigueur |first=Jean-Claude |title=L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains a l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle) |year=2010 |publisher=Tallandier |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-84734-719-7 |page=241 }}</ref> 
* [[July 11]] &ndash; King [[Louis IX of France]] (died [[1270]]) is canonized by Boniface VIII. Louis a devout Christian of the [[Catholic Church]], banned during his reign prostitution, gambling, [[blasphemy]] and judicial duels.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wshYVi3KM4C&pg=RA2-PA452|publisher=Ordo Fratrum Minorum|pages=2}}</ref>
* Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] over the Tyrrhenian islands of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]], naming King [[James II of Aragon]] ("the Just") as [[regent]] of the islands.
* A [[Portuguese Water Dog]] is first described in a monk's report of a drowning sailor, who has been pulled from the sea by a dog.<ref>"History of the Portuguese Water Dog", Kathryn Braund and Deyanne Farrell Miller. The Complete Portuguese Water Dog, 1986, [http://www.deleao.com/UserArea/StaticPages/HistoryofPWD.asp DeLeao].</ref></onlyinclude>