Editing 1268 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By topic ===
==== War and politics ====
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Battle of Wesenberg (1268)|Battle of Rakvere]]: The [[Livonian Order]] is defeated by [[Dovmont of Pskov]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRX0DQAAQBAJ&q=1268+battle+of+rakvere&pg=PA129|title=The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat"|last=Parppei|first=Kati M. J.|publisher=BRILL|year=2017|isbn=9789004337947|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=129|language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 4]] &ndash; A [[Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1268|five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty]] is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]]. It is ratified by the [[Doge of Venice]] [[Reniero Zeno]] on [[June 30]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPPELPzrQwYC&q=1268+venetia+byzantine+peace+treaty&pg=PA441|title=History of the Byzantine Empire, from DCCXVI to MLVII|last=Finlay|first=George|publisher=W. Blackwood and Sons|year=1854|location=Edinburgh and London|pages=441|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[Battle of Tagliacozzo]]: The army of [[Charles of Anjou]] defeats the [[Ghibellines]] supporters of [[Conradin]] of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the [[Hohenstaufen]] Family from the [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicilian]] thrones, and leading to the new chapter of [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] domination in [[Southern Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=1268+battle+of+tagliacozzo&pg=PT1098|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|last=Small|first=Carola M.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781135948801|editor-last=Kleinhenz|editor-first=Christopher|location=New York and London|pages=1068|language=en|chapter=Battle of Tagliacozzo}}</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Conradin]], the last legitimate male heir of the [[Hohenstaufen]] Dynasty of [[List of German Kings and Emperors|Kings of Germany]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, is executed, along with his companion [[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden]], by [[Charles I of Sicily]], a political rival and ally to the hostile [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=1268+conradin&pg=PA286|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9781851096725|location=Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford|pages=286|language=en}}</ref>
* King [[Stephen V of Hungary]] launches a war against [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=1268+stephen+V+hungary+bulgaria&pg=PA180|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last1=Fine|first1=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1994|isbn=9780472082605|location=Ann Arbor, MI|pages=180|language=en|orig-year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9nzDQAAQBAJ&q=1268+stephen+V+hungary+bulgaria&pg=PA255|title=The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280)|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|publisher=BRILL|year=2016|isbn=9789004333192|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=255|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[County of Wernigerode]] becomes a vassal state of the [[Margrave of Brandenburg]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmdYAAAAcAAJ&q=1268+Wernigerode+Brandenburg&pg=PA13|title=Versuch einer Territorialgeschichte des preußischen Staates, oder kurze Darstellung des Wachsthums der Besitzungen des Hauses Brandenburg seit dem zwölften Jahrhundert. Mit einer illumin. Karte|last=Möller|first=Arnold Wilhelm|publisher=Schulz u. Wundermann|year=1822|location=Hamm und Münster|pages=13–14|language=de}}</ref>
* [[Doge of Venice#Choosing of the Doge|New election procedures]] for the election of the [[doge of Venice|doge]] are established in [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular [[Lorenzo Tiepolo]] from becoming elected.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skmMs7TGPZIC&q=1268+electing+doge+venice&pg=PA219|title=The Towns of Italy in the Later Middle Ages|last=Dean|first=Trevor|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780719052040|location=Manchester and New York|pages=219|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pope Clement IV]] dies; the following [[Papal election, 1268–71|papal election]] fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gm79HuBY0cC&q=1268+Pope+clement+IV+died&pg=PA106|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries|last=Setton|first=Kenneth Meyer|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1976|isbn=9780871691149|series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society|volume=I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=106|language=en}}</ref>

==== Culture ====
* [[Nicola Pisano]] completes the famous [[octagon]]al [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style [[pulpit]], at the [[Duomo di Siena]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvf5ybzFBmIC&q=1268+nicola+pisano+Siena&pg=PA342|title=The A to Z of Renaissance Art|last=Zirpolo|first=Lilian H.|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2009|isbn=9780810870437|location=Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK|pages=342–343|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[carnival]] in [[Venice]] is first recorded.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2w2k8sMDCoC&q=1268+carnival+in+venice&pg=PA269|title=Venice: The Hinge of Europe, 1081-1797|last=McNeill|first=William H.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=9780226561547|location=Chicago and London|pages=269|language=en|orig-year=1974}}</ref>
* In France, the use of [[hops]] as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of [[beer]] is made compulsory.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga4MYyZq-RMC&q=1268+france+hops+in+beer&pg=PA464|title=The Oxford Companion to Beer|last=Oliver|first=Garrett|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|year=2012|isbn=9780195367133|location=Oxford and New York|pages=464|language=en}}</ref>
* The town of Guta is founded (currently [[Kolárovo]], [[Slovakia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/sk-kolar.html|title=Kolárovo city, Slovakia|website=fotw.info|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2019}}

=== By place ===
==== Asia ====
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Siege of Antioch (1268)|Battle of Antioch]]: The [[Principality of Antioch]], a [[crusader states|crusader state]], falls to the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] Sultan [[Baibars]]; his destruction of the city of [[Antioch]] is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FRsBgAAQBAJ&q=1268+Battle+of+Antioch&pg=PA185|title=The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare|last=Bradbury|first=Jim|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9781134598472|location=London and New York|pages=185|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Battle of Xiangyang]], a 6-year battle between the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] forces of [[Kublai Khan]], begins in what is today [[Hubei]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWD4xmLYyXIC&q=1268+Battle+of+Xiangyang&pg=PA141|title=Debating War in Chinese History|last=Curtis Wright|first=David|publisher=BRILL|year=2013|isbn=9789004244795|editor-last=Lorge|editor-first=Peter A.|location=Leiden and Boston|pages=141|language=en|chapter=Debates in the Field During Bayan's Campaigns Against Southern Song China, 1274 - 1276}}</ref>
* [[Kublai Khan]] sends an emissary to the [[Kamakura shogunate]] of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of [[tribute]]; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] attempt to invade in [[1274]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWxN1Fq_ueoC&q=1268+Kublai+Khan+Japan&pg=PA280|title=Sources of Japanese Tradition|last1=Bary|first1=Wm. Theodore de|last2=Gluck|first2=Carol|last3=Tiedemann|first3=Arthur|last4=Varley|first4=Paul|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2002|isbn=9780231518055|edition=  Second: From Earliest Times to 1600|location=New York and Chichester, UK|pages=280|language=en|chapter=The Mongol Invasion of Japan}}</ref>
* An [[1268 Cilicia earthquake|earthquake in Cilicia]] occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of [[Adana]]. Over 60,000 people perished in the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] in southern Asia Minor.<ref>Walford, Cornelius (1879) ''The famines of the world: past and present'' London, page 55, {{OCLC|38724391}}</ref><ref>Lomnitz, Cinna (1974) ''Global Tectonics and Earthquake Risk'' Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Amsterdam, {{ISBN|0-444-41076-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1sXfJCiCHQC&q=1268+Cilicia+earthquake&pg=PA292|title=Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes|last1=Gates|first1=Alexander E.|last2=Ritchie|first2=David|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=9780816072705|edition=  Third|location=New York|pages=292|language=en|orig-year=1994}}</ref>
* The [[Tibet]]an monk [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]] of the [[Sakya]] School completes the [['Phags-pa script]], which was sponsored by [[Kublai Khan]] as a new writing system in [[Mongol Empire|his empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&q=1268+mongol+script&pg=PA224|title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet|last=Shakabpa|first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden|publisher=BRILL|year=2010|isbn=9789004177321|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=224|language=en}}</ref>
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