Editing 1264 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Battle of Makryplagi]]: [[Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII)]] resumes operations against the [[Principality of Achaea]]. He advances up in northern [[Elis]], and sets up his camp at a location called "St. Nicholas of Mesiskli". Prince [[William of Villehardouin]] with his own troops marches to meet him and arrays his men ready for battle. The Byzantine vanguard under [[Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1264)|Michael Kantakouzenos]], ride forth from the Byzantine lines, but the force is ambushed and Michael is killed by the Achaeans. Constantine retreats and goes on to lay siege to the fortress of [[Tegea|Nikli]]. There, Turkish mercenaries (some 1,000 horsemen), confront him and demand that he pay them their arrears of 6 months. Constantine refuses, whereupon the Turkish troops desert to William. He decides to raise the siege and departs for [[Constantinople]]. He leaves [[Alexios Philes]] with a force and marches towards [[Messenia]], where he occupies the passes, situated near [[Gardiki Castle, Arcadia|Gardiki Castle]]. William, reinforced by the Turkish contingent, marches to Messenia to attack the Byzantines, despite their holding strong positions on the high ground. The first two attacks are beaten off, but during the third attack, the Byzantines flee in panic. Alexios, along with many Greek nobles, is captured.<ref>Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). ''The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453'', p. 50. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-1620-2}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266|Mudéjar Revolt]]: Muslim rebel forces, aided by allies from [[Algeciras]] and [[Tarifa]], take the town of [[Jerez de la Frontera]] after defeating the outnumbered Castilian garrison led by [[Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)|Nuño González de Lara]] ("the Good").<ref>Doubleday, Simon R. (2015). ''The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance'', p. 110. Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-07391-7}}.</ref> The rebels are supported by [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I]], ruler of the [[Emirate of Granada]], while King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] ("the Wise") is allied with [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]]. The rebels manage to capture [[Murcia]], as well as several smaller towns.<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 36. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4302-4}}.</ref> 
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Saseno]]: The Genoese fleet (16 galleys) manages to trick and capture an entire Venetian trade convoy near [[Sazan Island|Saseno Island]] off the coast of [[Kingdom of Albania (medieval)|Albania]]. The captured merchandise and ships are valued at more than 100,000 [[Genoese lira|Genoese pounds]], an enormous sum for the period, of which 30,000 goes into the Genoese treasury through the sale of the plunder.<ref>Stanton, Charles D. (2015). ''Medieval Maritime Warfare'', p. 164. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. {{ISBN|978-1-4738-5643-1}}.</ref>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; ''[[Reconquista]]'': Castilian forces under Alfonso X counter-attack and recapture Jerez de la Frontera after a siege. The rebel-held towns of [[Vejer de la Frontera]], [[Rota, Andalusia|Rota]], and [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] also fall to Alfonso. Muslims in the retaken towns are expelled and the mosques in Jerez are converted to churches. The region is settled by Christians from elsewhere.<ref>Doubleday, Simon R. (2015). ''The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance'', p. 121. Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-07391-7}}.</ref><ref>Harvey, L. P. (1992). ''Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500'', p. 54. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-31962-9}}.</ref>
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265)|Hungarian Civil War]], a dynastic conflict, erupts between King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] and his son, Duke [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]]. Hungarian forces under [[Ladislaus II Kán]] invades Stephen's realm and push forward unhindered penetrating the valley of the [[Mureș (river)|Mureș River]] in the southern part of [[Transylvania]]. Stephen's army halts Ladislaus' advance at the [[Fortress of Deva]] (modern [[Romania]]).<ref>Szũcs, Jenõ (2002). ''Az utolsó Árpádok'', p. 172. [The Last Árpáds] (in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó. {{ISBN|963-389-271-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2007 |title=Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években ''[A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s]''|publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-15-4|pages=140–141|language=hu}}</ref>
* Winter &ndash; The [[War of the Thuringian Succession]] ends after 17 years with the state of [[Hesse]] gaining its independence from [[Thuringia]] and becoming the [[Landgraviate of Hesse]], a principality of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. 
* Approximate date &ndash; High Duke [[Bolesław V the Chaste]] promulgates legal protection for Jewish communities in [[Lesser Poland]], including protection from kidnapping and forcible [[baptism]] of Jewish children.

==== British Isles ====
* [[January 23]] &ndash; King [[Louis IX of France]] ("the Saint") issues the [[Mise of Amiens]], a settlement between King [[Henry III of England]] and his rebellious barons under [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], heavily favouring the former – which leads to the [[Second Barons' War]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology 161">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/161 161]}}</ref> At [[Amiens]], Henry accuses the barons of destroying his castles and laying waste to royal lands. For this he demands a compensation of some £300,000 and 200,000 marks, which is defended by Louis.<ref>Treharne, R. F.; Sanders, I. J. (1973). ''Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267'', pp. 253–57. {{ISBN|0-19-822222-X}}.</ref>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Northampton (1264)|Battle of Northampton]]: English forces under [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore|Roger Mortimer]], advance over the water meadows south of [[Northampton Castle|Northampton]] to attack its main gate with engines. Meanwhile, another party rides clockwise along the built-up area's western perimeter, looking for an easier entrance. While the townsmen entrust to hold up the initial attack, the outflanking detachment founds a breach in the garden wall of [[St Andrew's Priory, Northampton|St. Andrew's Priory]], at the north of the town. [[Simon de Montfort the Younger]] (son of Simon de Montfort) reacts to the break-in – riding upon his horse with his squire, and some followers to contest the breach. But Simon is captured and throws the defenders into disarray. Simon de Montfort mounts a rearguard to relieve his son, but on [[April 6]] the castle falls.<ref>Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey: ''Lewes and Evesham 1264–65'', p. 26. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-1150-9}}.</ref>
* [[April 17]]–[[April 19|19]] &ndash; English rebels under Simon de Montfort beset [[Rochester Castle|Rochester]] from two directions in a pincer movement from north and south. The garrison sortie burns the suburbs to deprive the rebels of cover. Initial assaults on the bridge the next morning are repulsed by [[Roger de Leybourne]]. In the evening, however, supported by archers shooting across the river, Simon launches an amphibious assault, wind and current carrying his [[fire ship|fireship]] across to set fire to the bridge defenses. The rebels capture the castle's outer bailey and the garrison retires inside the keep on [[April 19]]. Meanwhile, rebels under [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester|Gilbert de Clare]] ("the Red Earl") occupy the cathedral. The siege then boggs down, Simon receives reports of a relief force and orders to withdraw on [[April 26]].<ref>Richard Brooks (2015). Osprey: ''Lewes and Evesham 1264–65'', pp. 32–33. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-1150-9}}.</ref>
* April &ndash; Gilbert de Clare leads a massacre of the Jews at [[Canterbury]], during the outbreak of the [[Second Barons' War]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Huscroft|title=Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution|location=Stroud|publisher=Tempus|year=2006|isbn=9780752437293|page=105}}</ref> In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers, [[John FitzJohn]], leads a massacre against the Jews in [[London]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The King's Converts|first=Lauren|last=Fogle|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2019|isbn=9781498589215|page=40}}</ref> The Jewish communities of Northampton, [[Winchester]], [[Cambridge]], and [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] are looted. The ''archæ'' (official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters at [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]].<ref>Jacobs, Joseph (1903). "England". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). ''The Jewish Encyclopedia''. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 161–174.</ref>
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lewes]]: English rebels led by Simon de Montfort defeat Henry III and Prince [[Edward I of England|Edward]] ("the Lord Edward"), at [[Lewes]]. Henry leaves the safety of [[Lewes Castle]] and [[Lewes Priory|St. Pancras Priory]], to engage the rebels. Edward routes part of the rebel army (some 5,000 men) with a cavalry charge, but during the battle de Montfort's forces capture both Henry and Edward, making Simon the "uncrowned king of [[Kingdom of England|England]]" for 15 months.<ref>Maurice Keen (1999). ''Medieval Warfare: A History'', p. 309. OUP Oxford. {{ISBN|978-0-19-164738-3}}.</ref> 
* May &ndash; Simon de Montfort marches on London but the drawbridge on [[London Bridge]] has been raised by the [[Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor]]. Simon has the support of the Londoners, who manage to lower the bridge allowing him into the city. Henry III is forced to pardon the rebel nobles and reinstates the [[Provisions of Oxford]]. With Henry's power diminished, Simon announces that all debts owed to the Jews would be canceled.<ref>Jobson, Adrian (2012). ''The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War'', p. 132. London, UK: Bloomsbury. {{ISBN|978-1-84725-226-5}}.</ref>
* June &ndash; Simon de Montfort summons [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] in London to confirm new constitutional arrangements. Two knights are summoned for each county, and are allowed to comment on general matters of state – the first time this has occurred. In [[France during the Middle Ages|France]], Queen [[Eleanor of Provence]], wife of Henry III, makes plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis IX OF France.<ref>Jobson, Adrian (2012). ''The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War'', pp. 136–137. London, UK: Bloomsbury. {{ISBN|978-1-84725-226-5}}.</ref>
* June &ndash; The Lord Edward is held captive at [[Wallingford Castle]], but after an escape attempt he is moved to [[Kenilworth Castle]].
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of Ireland]] meets at [[Castledermot]] in [[County Kildare]], the first definitely known meeting of this [[Ireland|Irish]] [[legislature]].
* [[December 24]] &ndash; The title [[Baron de Ros]], the oldest held peerage title, is created by [[Hereditary peer#Writs of Summons|writ of summons]] during the reign of Henry III.

==== Mongol Empire ====
* The [[Toluid Civil War]] ends: [[Kublai Khan]] defeats his brother and [[pretender]] to the title of "Great Khan", [[Ariq Böke]], who surrenders to Kublai on [[August 24]]. He is imprisoned and with the Chinese support behind him, Kublai is acknowledged by the rulers of the western khanates and as sole ruler of the [[Mongol Empire]]. He moves his capital from [[Shangdu]] in [[Inner Mongolia]], to the Chinese city of [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]] (modern-day [[Beijing]]).

==== Asia ====
* February &ndash; The Japanese era [[Kōchō]] ends and the [[Bun'ei]] era begins during the reign of the 14-year-old Emperor [[Emperor Kameyama|Kameyama]] (until [[1275]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Education ====
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Walter de Merton]] formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (later [[Merton College, Oxford]]), to provide education in [[Old Malden|Malden]] and the [[University of Oxford]].

==== Religion ====
* [[August 11]] &ndash; By the papal bull ''[[Transiturus]]'', Pope [[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]] declares the [[Feast of Corpus Christi]] (''festum corporis'') to be celebrated by the entire [[Catholic Church]].
* [[October 2]] &ndash; Urban IV dies after a [[pontificate]] of 3-years and is succeeded by [[Pope Clement IV|Clement IV]]. His [[1264–1265 papal election|papal election]] occurs at [[Perugia]], which will last for four months.
* Approximate date &ndash; [[Thomas Aquinas]] completes his theological work ''[[Summa contra Gentiles]]''.</onlyinclude>