Editing 1259 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===
==== Europe ====
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Battle of Pelagonia]]: The [[Empire of Nicaea]] defeats the [[Principality of Achaea]], ensuring the eventual reconquest of [[Constantinople]] in [[1261]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5v3AgAAQBAJ&q=1259+battle+of+pelagonia&pg=PT30|title=Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek|last=David|first=Brewer|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2011|isbn=9780857730046|location=New York|pages=17|language=en|orig-year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&q=1259+battle+of+pelagonia&pg=PA106|title=Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno John|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1984|isbn=9780226284606|location=Chicago and London|pages=106|language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; Kings [[Louis IX of France]] and [[Henry III of England]] agree to the [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]], in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including [[Normandy]]), in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpsEsPNHsOIC&q=1259+treaty+of+paris&pg=PA52|title=Events that Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century|last1=Thackeray|first1=Frank W.|last2=Findling|first2=John E.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=9780313290794|location=Westport, CT and London|pages=52|language=en}}</ref>
* The famous [[fresco]]es of the [[Boyana Church]] in [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] are completed (the church and its murals are now a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQJ2DwAAQBAJ&q=1259+Boyana+Church&pg=PA167|title=Head and Neck: Morphology, Models and Function|last1=Marani|first1=Enrico|last2=Heida|first2=Ciska|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319921051|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=167|language=en}}</ref>
* The German cities of [[Lübeck]], [[Wismar]], and [[Rostock]] enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the [[Baltic Sea]], laying the groundwork for the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&q=1259+hanseatic+league&pg=PA56|title=A Companion to the Hanseatic League|last=Hammel-Kiesow|first=Rolf|publisher=BRILL|year=2015|isbn=9789004284760|editor-last=Harreld|editor-first=Donald J.|location=Leiden and Boston|pages=56|language=en|chapter=The Early Hansas}}</ref>
* [[Nogai Khan]] leads the second [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Golden Horde]] attack against [[Lithuania]], and [[Second Mongol invasion of Poland|Poland]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ&q=1259+golden+horde+lithuania+poland&pg=PA379|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2013|isbn=9780295800646|location=Seattle and London|pages=379|language=en|orig-year=1994}}</ref>
* [[Epirote–Nicaean conflict]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=1259+Epirote%E2%80%93Nicaean+conflict&pg=PA283|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9781851096725|volume=I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE|location=Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford|pages=283|language=en}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[August 11]] &ndash; While conducting a siege against the [[Song dynasty]] city known as [[Fishing Town]] in the province of [[Chongqing]], China, the [[Mongol]] [[Great Khan]], [[Möngke Khan]], dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, [[dysentery]], and even a [[cholera]] epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the [[Mongol Empire]], while his brothers [[Ariq Böke]] and [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]] soon convene their own [[kurultai]] to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four–year-long [[Toluid Civil War]] from [[1260]] to [[1264]]. In the end, Ariq Böke surrenders to Kublai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6gwDwAAQBAJ&q=1259+M%C3%B6ngke+Khan+dies|title=Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times|last=Rossabi|first=Morris|publisher=University of California Press|year=2009|isbn=9780520261327|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London|pages=96–97|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSRTAQAAQBAJ&q=Toluid+Civil+War&pg=PA235|title=The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu 1220–1309|last=Kolbas|first=Judith|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781136802898|location=New York and London|pages=160|language=en}}</ref>
* While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his ''Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou'' that the city of [[Qingzhou]] is manufacturing one to two thousand strong [[cast iron|iron-cased]] [[History of gunpowder|gunpowder bomb]] shells a month, dispatching to [[Xiangyang District, Xiangfan|Xiangyang]] and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jRJCgAAQBAJ&q=1259+Li+Zengbo&pg=PA48|title=The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History|last=Andrade|author1-link=Tonio Andrade|first=Tonio|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781400874446|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=48|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lannathai]], a kingdom in the north of [[Thailand]], is founded by King [[Mangrai]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zciIAAAAQBAJ&q=1259+Mangrai&pg=PA32|title=Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture|last=London|first=Ellen|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|year=2008|isbn=9789812619761|location=Singapore|pages=32|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=1259+Mangrai&pg=PA182|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Watson|first2=Noelle|last3=Schellinger|first3=Paul|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136639791|volume=5: Asia and Oceania|location=New York and London|pages=182|language=en|orig-year=1996}}</ref>
* The [[Goryeo]] Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F2XLmIVAaYC&q=1259+Goryeo+mongols&pg=PA169|title=Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|isbn=9781133606512|location=Boston, MA|pages=169|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Chinese era name|Chinese era]] ''Kaiqing'' begins and ends, in the Northern [[Song dynasty]] of China.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ao0804AaiqUC&q=1259+Kaiqing&pg=PA83|title="Dividing the Realm in Order to Govern": The Spatial Organization of the Song State (960-1276 CE)|last=Mostern|first=Ruth|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780674056022|location=Cambridge, MA and London|pages=83|language=en}}</ref>
* The Japanese [[Shōka]] era ends, and the [[Shōgen]] era begins.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wu8BQAAQBAJ&q=1259+shoka+shogen&pg=PA613|title=The Mikado's Empire|last=Griffis|first=William Elliot|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781108080507|series=Cambridge Library Collection|location=Cambridge and New York|pages=613|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjT8_78YAwAC&q=1259+shoka+shogen&pg=PA398|title=The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan|last=Adolphson|first=Mikael S.|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2000|isbn=9780824823344|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=398|language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>