Editing 1258 (section)

== Events ==  
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=== By place ===
 
==== Mongol Empire ====
* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]]: Mongol forces (some 150,000 men), led by [[Hulagu Khan]], besiege and conquer [[Baghdad]] after a siege of 13 days. During the first week of February, the eastern walls begin to collapse, and the Mongols swarm into the city, on [[February 10]]. Caliph [[Al-Musta'sim]] surrenders himself to Hulagu – together with all the Abbasid chief officers and officials. They are ordered to lay down their arms, and are massacred. Hulagu imprisons Al-Musta'sim among his treasures, to starve him to death. Meanwhile, massacres continue throughout the whole city; in 40 days about 80,000 citizens are murdered. The only survivors are the ones who are hiding in cellars which are not discovered, and a number of attractive girls and boys who are kept to be slaves, and the Christian community, who take refuge in the churches which are left undisturbed, by the special orders of Hulagu's wife, [[Doquz Khatun]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: Kingdom of Acre'', p. 253. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref> 
* [[February 15]] &ndash; Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad, where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire. The [[House of Wisdom]] (or Great Library) is destroyed, numerous precious book collections are thrown into the [[Tigris|Tigris River]]. Before the siege, about 400,000 manuscripts are rescued by [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]], Persian [[polymath]] and theologian, who takes them to [[Maragheh observatory]] (located in [[East Azerbaijan province|East Azerbaijan Province]]). The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (750–1258) and the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. Many professors, physicians, scientists, clerics, artists and lecturers are also massacred.

==== Europe ====
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Corbeil (1258)|Treaty of Corbeil]]: King [[Louis IX of France]] ("the Saint") signs a peace treaty with King [[James I of Aragon]] ("the Conqueror"). Louis, heir of [[Charlemagne]], formally renounces his feudal overlordship over [[Catalonia]] (independent ''de facto'' since [[988]]), while James renounces his claims over [[Occitania]].
* June &ndash; [[War of the Euboeote Succession]]: Achaean forces under [[William of Villehardouin|William II Villehardouin]] defeat a coalition of Greek princes led by [[Guy I de la Roche]] ("Great Lord"), duke of [[Duchy of Athens|Athens]], which ends the conflict, on [[August 6]].
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Manfred, King of Sicily|Manfred]], son of the late Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], is crowned king of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] at [[Palermo]]. [[Pope Alexander IV]], who has an alliance with the Saracens, declares the coronation void and excommunicates Manfred.
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Theodore II Laskaris]] dies after a 4-year reign at [[Magnesia on the Maeander|Magnesia]]. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, [[John IV Laskaris|John IV]], as ruler of the [[Empire of Nicaea]]. His [[regent]] becomes the bureaucrat [[George Mouzalon]].<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 161. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref>
* [[August 25]] &ndash; George Mouzalon is assassinated in [[Magnesia ad Sipylum]], as part of a conspiracy led by Byzantine nobles, under future Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]].
* [[Gissur Þorvaldsson]], Icelandic chieftain (or [[Gothi|goði]]), is made Earl of [[Iceland]] for his loyal service to King [[Haakon IV of Norway]] ("the Old").

==== British Isles ====
* [[May 2]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of England]] accepts the demand of [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] and his baronial supporters that the government is reformed with a committee of 22 barons, including the king. As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort hands over his estates at [[Odiham]] and [[Kenilworth]] as part of the proposals. The [[Provisions of Oxford]] establish baronial control of the government, also known as the [[Oxford Parliament (1258)|Oxford Parliament]], on [[June 11]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=encJHDqD0CkC&dq=1259+provisions+of+oxford&pg=PA389|title=Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First|last=Stubbs|first=William|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781108044936|location=Cambridge; New York|pages=389|language=la|orig-year=1913}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKxREhu762AC&q=1259+provisions+of+oxford|title=Kings, Barons and Justices: The Making and Enforcement of Legislation in Thirteenth-Century England|last=Brand|first=Paul|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=9781139439077|location=Cambridge; New York|pages=1–5|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] proclaims himself [[Prince of Wales]], first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and the Scottish nobility. He becomes the final ruler of an independent [[Wales]] before the [[conquest of Wales by Edward I]] of England.
* Irish, assisted by Scottish [[gallowglass]]es, halt the English advance westward through [[Ireland]].<ref name="CBH1258">{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=84–86|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>

==== Levant ====
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Acre (1258)|Battle of Acre]]: The Genoese send an armada (some 50 galleys) to relieve the blockade at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] and ask for the assistance of [[Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre|Philip of Montfort]], lord of [[Lordship of Tyre|Tyre]], and the [[Knights Hospitaller]] for a combined attack from the land side. The Genoese fleet's arrival takes the Venetians by surprise but the superior experience and seamanship result in a crushing Venetian victory, with half the Genoese ships lost. Later, the Genoese garrison is forced to abandon Acre.<ref>Marshall, Christopher (1994). ''Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291'', pp. 39–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521477420}}.</ref><ref>Stanton, Charles D. (2015). ''Medieval Maritime Warfare'', pp. 182–184. Pen and Sword. {{ISBN|978-1-4738-5643-1}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam]]: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under [[Uriyangkhadai]], son of [[Subutai]], invade [[Vietnam]]. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on pre-prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]]. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day [[Hanoi]]), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.<ref>Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). ''Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia'', p. 18. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-316-53131-0}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Global ====
* The consequences of the volcanic [[1257 Samalas eruption]] in [[Indonesia]] include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in [[France]]; lunar eclipses in [[England]]; severe winter in [[Europe]]; a harsh spring in [[Iceland]]; famine in England, [[Germany]], France and [[Italy]]; and [[Infection|pestilence]] in [[London]], parts of France, [[Austria]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], and southeast [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stothers|first=R. B.|year=2000|title=Climatic and Demographic consequences of the massive volcanic eruption of 1258|journal=Climatic Change|volume=45|issue=2|pages=361–374|doi=10.1023/A:1005523330643|s2cid=42314185}}</ref>

==== Markets ====
* The [[Republic of Genoa]] starts imposing forced loans, known as {{lang|it|luoghi}}, onto its taxpayers; they are a common resource of medieval public finance.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Consecration]] of the newly rebuilt [[Salisbury Cathedral]] in England.<ref name="CBH1258" />
* Civil unrest in northern Italy spawns the [[medieval music]]al form of [[Geisslerlieder]], penitential songs sung by wandering bands of [[Flagellant]]s. 
* [[Kudahuvadhoo]] is converted to [[Islam]].</onlyinclude>