Editing 1255 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Montebruno]]: [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph]] forces under [[Thomas, Count of Flanders|Thomas II of Savoy]] invade the Ghibelline territory of [[Asti]] (located in the [[Piedmont]] region), but he is defeated by the Astigiani army, led by [[William VII, Marquis of Montferrat|William VII]], at [[Garzigliana]] (Northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]). Thomas retreats and takes refuge in [[Turin]]; however, he is later captured by the [[Ghibellines]].
* [[May]] &ndash; [[William of Rubruck]] from [[Constantinople]] returns to [[Cyprus]] from his missionary journey to convert the [[Mongols]] of central and eastern [[Asia]]; his efforts have been unsuccessful.
* Emperor [[Theodore II Laskaris]], who is in exile in the [[Empire of Nicaea]], conducts a military campaign to recover [[Thrace]] from the Bulgarians.
* King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] ("the Boulonnais") moves his residence and royal court from [[Lisbon]] to [[Coimbra]], which becomes the capital of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].
* The [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] in [[Prussia]] found [[Königsberg]] (modern-day [[Kaliningrad]]) and name it in honour of King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]].
* The lands of the [[House of Nassau]] are divided between the brothers [[Walram II, Count of Nassau|Walram II]] and [[Otto I, Count of Nassau|Otto I]], not to be reunited until [[1806]].

==== England ====
* June &ndash; [[Battle of Bryn Derwin]]: [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] defeats his two brothers [[Dafydd ap Gruffydd]] and [[Owain Goch ap Gruffydd]], to become sole ruler of northern [[Wales]]. Dafydd and Owain are both imprisoned.<ref name="CBH1255">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=84–86|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* August &ndash; Following the death of [[Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln|Little Saint Hugh]], in an instance of [[Blood libel#Medieval|blood libel]], eighteen Jews of [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], are tortured and executed by royal command on suspicion of being involved in the boy's murder.<ref name="CBH1255" />
* A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the [[Hundred Rolls]], a census seen as a follow-up to the [[Domesday Book]] (completed in [[1086]]). The Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys, in 1274/75 and 1279/80.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Helen Cam|last=Cam|first=Helen|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinhundred00camh|title=Studies in the hundred rolls: some aspects of thirteenth-century administration|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1921}}</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Culture ====
* The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Bourges Cathedral|cathedral]] at [[Bourges]] in central [[France in the Middle Ages|France]], is completed (it will become a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]).

==== City and Towns ====
* The town of [[Banská Bystrica]] (located in central [[Slovakia]]) is granted municipal privileges by King [[Béla IV of Hungary]]. 

==== Market ====
* [[Orlando Bonsignori]], an Italian minor merchant, forms a consortium called the ''[[Gran Tavola]]'' ("Great Table"), which becomes the most powerful bank in western [[Europe]]. He becomes the exclusive banker for the deposits of the income of the [[Papal States]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=Bonsignori|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref></onlyinclude>