Editing 1250 (section)

== Events ==
=== By place ===

==== World ====
* The [[world population]] is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
* World climate transitions from the [[Medieval Warm Period]] to the [[Little Ice Age]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Emmanuel|last1=Le Roy Ladurie|title=Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|year=1971|oclc=164590|first2=Barbara|last2=Bray|isbn=0-374-52122-0}}</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[February 2]] &ndash; King [[Erik Eriksson]] of Sweden dies. The ten-year-old [[Valdemar, King of Sweden|Valdemar]], the eldest son of [[Birger Jarl]], is elected King of [[Sweden]], and becomes the first king from the [[House of Bjälbo]].
* [[October 12]] &ndash; A great storm shifts the mouth of the [[River Rother (Eastern)|River Rother]] in England 12 miles (20&nbsp;km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around [[Romney Marsh]].
* [[December 13]] &ndash; Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great [[Interregnum]]". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the [[Hohenstaufen]] dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]s.
* The [[Lombard League]] dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
* King [[Afonso III of Portugal|Afonso III]] (the Boulonnais) captures the [[Algarve]] from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].
* [[Albertus Magnus]] isolates the element [[arsenic]], as the 8th discovered metal. He also first uses the word "[[Old World Oriole|oriole]]" to describe a type of bird (most likely the [[golden oriole]]).
* The [[Rialto Bridge]] in [[Venice]] (in modern-day [[Italy]]) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.
* The [[Ponts Couverts, Strasbourg|Ponts Couverts]] fortified bridges of [[Strasbourg]] (in modern-day France) are completed.
* [[Vincent of Beauvais]] completes his proto-encyclopedic work ''[[Speculum Maius]]'' ("Greater mirror").
* The first of the [[Parlements]] of ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' France is established.
* [[Villard de Honnecourt]] draws the first known image of a [[sawmill]].
* The first usage is made of the English word "[[cuckold]]", according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]].
* [[Medieval music]]: The [[Notre Dame school]] of [[polyphony]] ends.

==== Asia ====
* [[July 9]] – The [[Qaymariyya (tribe)|Qaymariyya]] tribe engineers a ''coup d'état'' to hand over [[Damascus]] to [[An-Nasir Yusuf]]. The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him.<ref>Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). '' From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260'', pp. 305–307. State University of New York Press.</ref>
* A [[kurultai]] is called by [[Batu Khan]] in [[Siberia]] as part of maneuverings which will elect [[Möngke Khan]] as [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] in [[1251]].
* Starting in this year and ending in [[1275]], the Muslim [[Shougeng Pu]], likely a Persian or an Arab, serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the [[Song dynasty]] Chinese [[seaport]] at [[Quanzhou]], due to his effort in defeating pirates.<ref>According to a monograph on the maritime [[economy of the Song dynasty]] written by Jitsuzo Kuwabara (桑原騭藏, 1870–1931).</ref>

==== Africa ====
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Battle of Fariskur (1250)|Battle of Fariskur]]: Louis IX (the Saint) is captured by [[Baibars]]' [[Mamluk]] army while he is in [[Egypt]] conducting the [[Seventh Crusade]]; he later has to ransom himself.
* [[April 30]] &ndash; King [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] (the Saint) is released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of [[one million]] [[dinars]] and turning over the city of [[Damietta]].
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Al-Muazzam Turanshah]], Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Dynasty]] rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana [[Shajar al-Durr]].<ref name=Humphreys>{{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=R. Stephen|title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260|location=Albany|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1977|isbn=9780873952637}}</ref>
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Aybak]] becomes ruler of [[Egypt]], beginning the [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri Dynasty]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]]. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Ashraf Musa]] is nominally proclaimed sultan.<ref name=Humphreys/>
* The [[Welayta people|Welayta]] state is founded in modern-day [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]].
* In [[Tunis]], a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out, and is violently put down.<ref>{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&q=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243|page=106}}</ref>
* The Hafsid caliph [[Muhammad I al-Mustansir|al-Mustansir]] enforces laws of ghiyar, or differentiation for non-Muslims. As such, Jews have to wear a distinguishing badge ([[shikla]]) which [[Tunisian Jews]] will have to wear into the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Norman |title=Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times |date=8 June 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49162-5 |pages=113–114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUB0EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joffé |first1=George |title=Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib |date=20 November 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-99964-2 |page=328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=243ZEAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Oceania ====
* [[Samoa]] frees itself from [[Tu'i Tonga Empire|Tongan rule]], which begins the [[Malietoa]] dynasty in Samoa (approximate date).

=== By topic ===
==== Markets ====
* The Flemish town of [[Douai]] emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in [[1218]], in [[Rheims]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|isbn=978-90-04-17565-5}}</ref>
* The [[Republic of Siena|Sienese]] bankers belonging to the firm known as the [[Gran Tavola]], under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=Bonsignori|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>