Editing 1248 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Seventh Crusade ====
* [[August 12]] &ndash; King [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] ('''the Saint''') leaves [[Paris]] together with his wife, Queen [[Margaret of Provence]], and her sister [[Beatrice of Provence]]. Two of Louis' brothers, [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles of Anjou]] and [[Robert I, Count of Artois|Robert of Artois]], are also present. He is followed by his cousins, [[Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy|Hugh IV of Burgundy]] and [[Peter I, Duke of Brittany|Peter Mauclerc]], both are veterans of the [[Barons' Crusade]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 215. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[August 25]] &ndash; Louis IX departs from [[Aigues-Mortes]] and [[Marseille]]s with a French expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) transported by 100 ships. An English detachment (some 5,000 men) under [[William Longespée the Younger|William Longespée]] ('''the Younger'''), grandson of King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], and his mistress [[Ida de Tosny]] follows close behind with 36 transport ships.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 215–216. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[September 17]] &ndash; Louis IX arrives at [[Limassol]] on the island of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]]. He gathers his forces and is well received by King [[Henry I of Cyprus|Henry I]] ('''the Fat'''). The Crusaders are supplemented by nobles from [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], including Grand Masters [[Jean de Ronay]] and [[Guillaume de Sonnac]]. Louis prepares a plan of campaign, with [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] as the prime objective.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 216. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* December &ndash; Louis IX receives an embassy during his stay in Cyprus from the Mongol general, [[Eljigidei]], who is viceroy in [[Iran|Persia]]. They bring a letter from [[Guyuk Khan]] (who had died by the time his envoys reached Cyprus<ref>{{cite book |first=C. P. |last=Atwood |title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire |location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=0-8160-4671-9 |page=213 }}</ref>) with no demands of submission, but talking in terms about Mongol favouritism for [[Christianity]], and a proposal of a joint invasion against the Ayyubid forces in [[Syria]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 218. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* December &ndash; Louis IX decides to spend the winter on Cyprus to make preparations against Egypt. Meanwhile, the nobles persuade him to start negotiations with Sultan [[As-Salih Ayyub]] to intervene in the internal Ayyubid affairs. But Louis rejects this offer and orders the [[Knights Templar]] to break off their negotiations with As-Salih.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 217. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Battle of Parma]]: Imperial forces (some 6,000 men) under Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] are defeated by the [[Lombard League]] at [[Parma]]. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the [[Val di Taro|Taro Valley]].
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Siege of Seville]]: Castilian forces under King [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] ('''the Saint''') recapture the city of [[Seville]] from the Almohads, after a 16-month siege. Prince [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso of Castile]] takes the city of [[Alicante]].
* [[November 24]]&ndash;[[November 25|25]] &ndash; In the middle of the night a mass on the north side of [[Mont Granier]] suddenly collapses, in one of the largest historical rock slope failures.<ref>{{citation|url=http://geomorphologie.revues.org/7495|author=Fort, Monique |title=Geomorphic impacts of large and rapid mass movements: a review|work=Géomorphologie|year=2009|volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=47–64 |doi=10.4000/geomorphologie.7495 |accessdate=2015-08-25|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* December &ndash; [[William of Villehardouin]], Latin ruler of the [[Principality of Achaea]], captures [[Monemvasia]] – last remaining Byzantine outpost on the [[Peloponnese]].
* December &ndash; Ferdinand III issues an edict to expel the Almohads out of Seville. Many Muslims sail to [[North Africa]] and others travel to [[Granada]] in [[Al-Andalus]].

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and Towns ====
* [[August 25]] &ndash; The Dutch city of [[Ommen]] receives [[City rights in the Low Countries|city rights]] and [[Defensive wall|fortification rights]] from [[Otto III van Holland|Otto III]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Utrecht]], after the town has been pillaged by a local robber baron.

==== Religion ====
* [[April 26]] &ndash; The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] chapel [[Sainte-Chapelle]] (or '''Holy Chapel''') is completed and consecrated in Paris. Louis IX moves the relics of the [[True Cross]] and [[Holy Lance]] to the chapel with great ceremony.
* [[August 15]] &ndash; The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] of [[Cologne Cathedral]] is laid by Archbishop [[Konrad von Hochstaden]], after the older cathedral is burned down on [[April 30]] (construction is completed in [[1880]]).
* Pope [[Pope Innocent IV|Innocent IV]] grants the Croatians of southern [[Dalmatia]] permission to use their own language and script in the [[Roman Rite]] liturgy (see [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic alphabet]]).
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