Editing 1241 (section)

== Events ==
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* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Battle of Chmielnik]] ([[First Mongol invasion of Poland|Mongol invasion of Poland]]): The [[Mongols]] overwhelm the feudal Polish armies of [[Sandomierz]] and [[Kraków]] provinces, and plunder the abandoned city of Kraków.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXWFca82UvYC&q=1241|title=Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant|last=Gabriel|first=Richard A.|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2006|isbn=9780806137346|location=Norman, OK|pages=111–112|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ&q=1241+Battle+of+Chmielnik&pg=PA310|title=Dictionary of Wars|last=Kohn|first=George Childs|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781135954949|location=London and New York|pages=310|language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Legnica]]: The [[Mongols]], under the command of [[Baidar]], [[Kadan]] and [[Orda Khan]], defeat the feudal [[Poland|Polish]] nobility, including the [[Knights Templar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfKcAAAAQBAJ&q=1241+Battle+of+Legnica&pg=PA144|title=War on Land|last=Britannica Educational Publishing|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9781615307524|location=New York|pages=144|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eI19AwAAQBAJ&q=liegnitz|title=The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410|last=Jackson|first=Peter|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781317878995|location=London and New York|pages=63|language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mohi]]: [[Batu Khan]] and [[Subutai]] defeat [[Béla IV of Hungary]]. The battle is the last major event in the [[Mongol Invasion of Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gB9DQAAQBAJ&q=1241+Battle+of+Mohi&pg=RA1-PA102|title=The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia|last=May|first=Timothy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=9781610693400|location=Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford|pages=102–104|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5pkSZBIXW0C&q=1241+Battle+of+tisza&pg=PA280|title=An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present|last=Eggenberger|first=David|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=2012|isbn=9780486142012|location=New York|pages=280|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; [[Battle of Giglio (1241)|Battle of Giglio]]: an [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] fleet defeats a [[Republic of Genoa|Genoan]] fleet in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzagBwAAQBAJ&q=1241+Battle+of+Giglio&pg=PA128|title=Medieval Maritime Warfare|last=Stanton|first=Charles D.|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2015|isbn=9781781592519|location=Barnsley, UK|pages=128|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=596VDwAAQBAJ&q=1241+Battle+of+Giglio&pg=PA119|title=The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century|last=Whalen|first=Brett Edward|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2019|isbn=9780812296129|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=118–119|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; Battle of Cameirge in [[Ulster]]: The [[Milesians (Irish)|Milesian Irish]] [[sept]]s of the [[O'Donnell dynasty|Ó Dónaills]] from [[County Donegal|Donegal]], the [[O'Neill dynasty|Ó Néills]] from [[Armagh]] and the [[O'Doherty family|Ó Dochartaighs]] of [[Connacht]] defeat the last [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] sept, the [[Meic Lochlainn]] of [[Tír Eoghain]] and [[Inishowen]] under Domhnall mac Muirchertaigh Mac Lochlainn. From now on the [[List of rulers of Tyrone|Kings of Tír Eoghain]] will all be of the Ó Néill dynasty, [[Brian Ua Néill]] becoming sole ruler.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngc0osGk8FsC&q=1241+Battle+of+Cameirge&pg=PA443|title=Ireland 1170-1509, Society and History|last=Keenan|first=Desmond|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2010|isbn=9781453584316|location=Bloomington, IN|pages=443|language=en}}</ref>
* Early northern summer &ndash; A succession crisis or other priorities results in the Mongols withdrawing behind their river barrier into Ukraine and the Russias, leaving Central Asian and far Eastern Europe peoples tributary to the Khanates, but leaving Poland and Hungary to begin recovery and reorganization.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeU_AQAAQBAJ&q=1241+mongol+retreat&pg=PA488|title=On the Trail of Genghis Khan: An Epic Journey Through the Land of the Nomads|last=Cope|first=Tim|publisher=A&C Black|year=2013|isbn=9781408825051|location=London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney|pages=487–488|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2glDwAAQBAJ&q=1241+mongol+retreat&pg=PT266|title=The Clash of Civilizations|last=Trawinski|first=Allan|publisher=Page Publishing Inc|year=2017|isbn=9781635687125|location=New York|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 29]] &ndash; After [[Henry III of England]]'s invasion of [[Wales]], the [[Treaty of Gwerneigron]] is signed by him and [[Dafydd ap Llywelyn]], curbing the latter's authority and denying him royal title.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-yVDwAAQBAJ&q=1241+Treaty+of+Gwerneigron&pg=PA19|title=Medieval Wales c.1050-1332: Centuries of Ambiguity|last=Stephenson|first=David|publisher=University of Wales Press|year=2019|isbn=9781786833877|location=Cardiff|pages=19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWAuDwAAQBAJ&q=1241+Treaty+of+Gwerneigron&pg=PT30|title=Owen Tudor: Founding Father of the Tudor Dynasty|last=Breverton|first=Terry|publisher=Amberley Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9781445654195|location=Stroud, UK|language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Snorri Sturluson]], Icelandic saga writer, is murdered by [[Gissur Þorvaldsson]], an emissary of King [[Haakon IV of Norway]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqViDwAAQBAJ&q=1241+Snorri+Sturluson&pg=PA593|title=Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature|last=Ruud|first=Jay|publisher=Facts on File|year=2006|isbn=0-8160-5497-5|location=New York|pages=593|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoLC0woy4iYC&q=1241+Snorri+Sturluson|title=Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia|last=Wanner|first=Kevin J.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=9780802098016|location=Toronto, Buffalo, NY and London|pages=25|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Pope Celestine IV]] succeeds [[Pope Gregory IX]], as the 179th [[pope]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wshYVi3KM4C&q=1241+Pope+Celestine+IV&pg=RA3-PA687|title=Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor|last=of Sarrant|first=Arnald|publisher=Ordo Fratrum Minorum|year=2010|location=Malta|language=en|translator-last=Noel Muscat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjI5t3DE00wC&q=1241+Pope+Celestine+IV&pg=PA314|title=Medieval Panorama|last=Bartlett|first=Robert|publisher=Getty Publications|year=2001|isbn=9780892366422|location=Los Angeles, CA|pages=314|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Emperor Lizong of Song]] China accepts the [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] teachings of the late [[Zhu Xi]], including his commentary on the ''[[Four Books]]''. This will have an impact upon the philosophical schools of surrounding countries as well, including [[Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&q=1241+Lizong+of+Song&pg=PA805|title=Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vols): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)|last=Murray|first=Julia K.|publisher=BRILL|year=2014|isbn=9789004271647|editor-last=Lagerwey|editor-first=John|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=815|language=en|chapter=Confucian Iconography|editor2-last=Marsone|editor2-first=Pierre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTv_AQAAQBAJ&q=1241+Zhu+Xi&pg=PA903|title=Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy|last=Tillman|first=Hoyt Cleveland|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=9781135367480|editor-last=Cua|editor-first=Antonio S.|location=New York, London|pages=903|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Livonian Crusade]]: The [[Estonians|Estonian]] rebellion of [[1237]] is suppressed on [[Saaremaa]] Island, by the [[Livonian Order]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUawCQAAQBAJ&q=1241+Saaremaa&pg=PR27|title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia|last=Miljan|first=Toivo|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2015|isbn=9780810875135|location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Plymouth, UK|pages=xxvii|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CurSh3Sh_KMC&q=1241+estonian+rebellion&pg=PA933|title=Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages|last1=Magill|first1=Frank Northen|last2=Aves|first2=Alison|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=9781579580414|volume=II|location=London and New York|pages=933|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[University of Valladolid]] is founded in [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidad de Valladolid|url=https://www.uva.es/export/sites/uva/}}</ref></onlyinclude>