Editing 1228 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Sixth Crusade ====
* Summer &ndash; Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] sails from [[Brindisi]] with a expeditionary force and arrives in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] in the [[Middle East]] on [[September 7]]. He disembarks a well-trained and equipped Crusader army (some 10,000 men and 2,000 knights). After his arrival in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], Frederick is again excommunicated by Pope [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]], for setting out for the Crusade before he has obtained absolution from his previous ex-communication (see [[1227]]). Many of the local nobility, the [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] deny him their support for the Crusade. Frederick can only rely on his own army and the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]], whose Grand Master, [[Hermann von Salza]], is his friend.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 154. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* Autumn &ndash; Frederick II receives an embassy of Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], including [[Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh|Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh]], at the Hospitaller camp at [[Tel Afek|Recordane]], near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in [[Syria]] and has concentrated his forces on a siege at [[Damascus]]. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of [[Jerusalem]], starts diplomatic negotiations.<ref name="runciman-p156">Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 156. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* November &ndash; Frederick II puts pressure on the negotiations by a military display. He assembles his Crusader army and marches down the coast to [[Jaffa]] – which he proceeds to refortify. At the same moment, Ayyubid forces under [[An-Nasir Dawud]], who are not participating in the revolt at Damascus, move to [[Nablus]], to intercept Al-Kamil's supply lines. Al-Kamil breaks off the negotiations, saying that the Crusaders have pillaged several Muslim villages, and only resumes them again when Frederick pays out compensation to the victims.<ref name="runciman-p156"/>

==== Europe ====
* [[April 25]] &ndash; The 16-year-old [[Isabella II of Jerusalem|Isabella II]], Holy Roman Empress and wife of Frederick II, dies after giving birth to her second child, [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]], at [[Andria]]. He receives the title [[Kings of Jerusalem|King of Jerusalem]] (as '''Conrad II''') – with Frederick as [[regent]]. By his father, Conrad is the grandson of the [[Hohenstaufen]] Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] and great-grandson of the late Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] ('''Barbarossa''').
* Emperor [[Robert I, Latin Emperor|Robert I]] (or '''Courtenay''') dies after a 7-year reign in [[Morea]] (Southern [[Greece]]). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old brother, [[Baldwin II, Latin Emperor|Baldwin II]], as ruler of the [[Latin Empire]] in [[Constantinople]], with [[John of Brienne]] as regent.
* King [[James I of Aragon|James I]] ('''the Conqueror''') launches a major offensive against the Almohads in [[Mallorca|Majorca]]. At the same moment, Emir Ibn Hud al-Yamadi (confronted by increasing Christian pressure) denounces Almohad rule in [[Murcia]] (modern [[Spain]]) and acknowledges the [[Abbasid caliph|Abbasid Caliphate]] as legitimate overlord, in effect declaring independence.<ref name="Linehan1999">{{cite book|author1-link=Peter Linehan|editor1-link=David Abulafia|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668–699 [672]|first=Peter|last=Linehan|editor=Abulafia, David |chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref> Other notable Christian success: King [[Alfonso IX of León]] conquers [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]].<ref name=picard2000>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}</ref>
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Stephen of Anagni]], Italian papal chaplain, is commissioned to collect a special tax in [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Ireland]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Wales]] to finance Gregory X's [[War of the Keys]] against Frederick II.

==== Asia ====
* [[Battle of Bolnisi]]: Khwarazmian forces led by Sultan [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] defeat a coalition of Georgians, [[Kipchaks]], [[Alans]], [[Nakh peoples|Vainakhs]] and [[Laks (Caucasus)|Laks]] (some 40,000 men) at [[Bolnisi]] (modern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]).<ref>Rayfield, Donald (2012). ''Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia'', p. 124. London: reaktion Books. {{ISBN|1-780-23030-3}}.</ref>
* King [[Sukaphaa]] establishes the [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom Dynasty]] and becomes the first Ahom ruler in [[Assam]] (until [[1268]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and Towns ====
* The [[Transylvania]]n town of [[Reghin]] is first mentioned, in a charter of King [[Andrew II of Hungary]].

==== Markets ====
* The city of [[Tournai]] emits its first recorded [[life annuity]], thus confirming a trend of consolidation of public debts started [[1218|ten years]] earlier, in [[Reims]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|isbn=978-9-00417565-5}}</ref>
* The first evidence is uncovered of the use of the Knights Templar as cashiers by King [[Henry III of England]], to safely transfer important sums to the continent, using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across [[Europe]], even before the emergence of important networks of Italian [[merchant-banking|merchant-bankers]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–17 |doi=10.2307/1832571|jstor=1832571}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[July 16]] &ndash; Saint [[Francis of Assisi]] is [[canonized]] by Gregory IX.
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