Editing 1209 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[May]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of Ravennika (1209)|First Parliament of Ravennika]], convened by Emperor [[Henry of Flanders]], is held in the town of [[Ravennika]] in [[Greece]], in an attempt to resolve the rebellion of the [[Lombardy|Lombard]] nobles of the [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]]. Henry pardons Lord [[Amédée Pofey]] (or Buffois), and reinvests with his fief, while the other nobles persist in their rebellion and keep to their castles. After receiving imperial recognition, [[Geoffrey I of Villehardouin]] becomes Henry's vassal, thereby subordinating [[Principality of Achaea|Achaea]] directly to [[Constantinople]].<ref>Wolf, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (1969). ''The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261'', pp. 207–208.</ref>
* [[June]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Sapienza]]: The [[Republic of Venice]] recognizes the possession of the [[Peloponnese]] by Geoffrey I of Villehardouin and keeps only the fortresses of [[Methoni, Messenia|Modon]] and [[Koroni|Coron]]. Venice also acquires an exemption of her merchants from all tariffs, and the right to establish "a church, a market and a court" in every city of Achaea.<ref>Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). ''The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries'', p. 34. {{ISBN|0-87169-114-0}}.</ref>
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Massacre at Béziers]]: The Crusader army, led by [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Monfort]], arrives in the [[Languedoc]] area, and makes camp at [[Béziers]], to start a siege. The citizens, believing that their city walls are impregnable, harass the Crusaders, by sending a group of soldiers (supported by armed civilians) to launch a sortie against their camp. When they are forced to retreat, the Crusaders storm the walls (which are not properly manned) and enter the gate, sacking and killing some 20,000 [[Catharism|Cathars]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] alike.<ref>Tyerman, Christopher (2006). ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades'', p. 591. {{ISBN|9780674023871}}.</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Simon de Montfort takes [[Carcassonne]], after negotiating the city's surrender with [[Raymond Roger Trencavel]] (or Raimond), viscount of Béziers and [[Albi]], who is imprisoned and dies in mysterious circumstances 3 months later in his own dungeon. The Cathars are allowed to leave and expelled with nothing more than their clothes.

==== Britain ====
* [[November]] &ndash; Against the backdrop of the continuing [[Papal Interdict of 1208]], [[John, King of England]], is excommunicated by [[Pope Innocent III]]. Despite the excommunication, John will continue to make amends to the Church – including giving alms to the poor whenever he defiles a holy day by hunting during it. He feeds 100 paupers to make up for when he "went into the woods on the feast of St. [[Mary Magdalene|Mary Magdalen]]", and three years from now, he will feast 450 paupers "because the king went to take cranes, and he took nine, for each of which he feasted fifty paupers."<ref>''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 141</ref>
* [[Black Monday]], [[Dublin]]: A group of 500 recently arrived settlers from [[Bristol]] are massacred by warriors of the Irish [[O'Byrne family|O'Byrne clan]]. The group (accompanied by women and children) leaves the safety of the walled city of Dublin to celebrate [[Easter Monday]] near a wood at [[Ranelagh]], and are attacked without warning. Although a relatively obscure event in history, it is commemorated by a mustering of the [[Mayor]], [[High sheriff|Sheriffs]], and soldiers on the day, as a challenge to the native tribes for centuries afterwards.
* [[London Bridge]] is completed by a stone-arched structure. On the bridge are houses built; this is for paying the maintenance, though it has to be supplemented by other rents and by tolls.

==== Asia ====
* Spring &ndash; The Mongols led by [[Genghis Khan]] begin their first invasion against the [[Western Xia]] state (or Xi Xia). They push up along the [[Yellow River]], capturing several garrisons and defeating an imperial army. The Mongols besiege the capital [[Yinchuan|Zhongxing]] – which holds a well-fortified garrison of some 70,000 men (hastily reinforced with another 50,000). Genghis lacks the proper equipment and experience to take the city. In October, an attempt to flood the city by diverting the Yellow River is disastrous and floods the Mongol camp, forcing the Mongols to withdraw.<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 159–162. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
* [[Tamar the Great]], queen of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]], raids [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern Anatolia]] and seizes [[Kars]]. She leads a liberational war in southern [[Zakarid Armenia|Armenia]].

=== By topic ===

==== Education ====
* In [[Kingdom of England|England]] an exodus of scholars from [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] leads to foundation of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages= 75–77|isbn= 0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>

==== Markets ====
* King [[Philip II of France]] ("Augustus") grants a "conduit" to merchants, going to the [[Champagne fairs]] (a [[trade fair]] organized in different towns of the [[County of Champagne]]), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered a crime of [[lèse-majesté]] (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs to merchants from [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and the [[Low Countries]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin pour l'histoire comparative des institutions|year=1953|publisher=Éditions de la Librairie encyclopedique|location=Paris}}</ref>
* In [[Tuscany]] the banking firm known as the [[Gran Tavola]] ("Great Table") is formed; most of the partners are members of the [[Orlando Bonsignori|Bonsignori]] family.<ref name=biografico>{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=Bonsignori|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[February 24]] &ndash; The [[Franciscans|Franciscan Order]] is founded by the Italian priest [[Francis of Assisi]]. He and 11 of his followers journey to [[Rome]] where he receives approval of his rule from [[Pope Innocent III]]. Franciscan friars can not own any possessions of any kind. They wander and preach among the people, helping the poor and the sick. They support themselves by working and by begging for food, but they are forbidden to accept money either for work or as alms. The Franciscans work at first in [[Umbria]] and then in the rest of Italy. The impact of these street preachers and especially of their founder is immense, so that within 10 years they number some 5,000 followers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06208a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rule of Saint Francis|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; Innocent III crowns [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]] as emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's Basilica]] at [[Rome]].<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 133. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref></onlyinclude>