Editing 1205 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Theodore I Laskaris]] is proclaimed Byzantine emperor (or ''[[basileus]]''), formally founding the [[Empire of Nicaea]], after repelling the invasions of rivals [[David Komnenos]] and [[Manuel Maurozomes]] into his domains. His appointment is an open challenge to the legitimacy of the Latin emperor [[Baldwin I, Latin Emperor|Baldwin I]], who rules over large parts of the former [[Byzantine Empire]] and regards Theodore as a [[usurper]].<ref>Van Tricht, Filip (2011). ''The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)'', p. 352. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-20323-5}}.</ref>
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Battle of Adramyttion (1205)|Battle of Adramyttion]]: The Byzantine army, under [[Constantine Laskaris]] (brother of Theodore I), appears before the walls of [[Adramyttium]] – surprising the Latin garrison. Meanwhile, [[Henry of Flanders]], not wanting to remain trapped within the city, opens the gates and charges out with his heavy cavalry. He and his knights defeat the Byzantine forces, who are scattered and forced to retreat.<ref>[[Geoffrey of Villehardouin]]. ''Memoirs or Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and the conquest of Constantinople'', p. 63. Echo Library, 2007.</ref>
* [[March]] &ndash; Byzantine officials in [[Edirne|Adrianople]] revolt and expel Latin administrators, requesting Bulgarian support from [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria|Kaloyan]], ruler (''[[tsar]]'') of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]], against Baldwin I who assembles an army (some 40,000 men) and marches to aid the Byzantines. Meanwhile, Baldwin sets out from [[Constantinople]] in force, he arrives at Adrianople and promptly begins to siege the city by the end of March.
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Adrianople (1205)|Battle of Adrianople]]: Latin forces under Baldwin I are defeated and eliminated in a successful ambush by Bulgarians, [[Vlachs]] and [[Cumans]]. Baldwin is captured and taken as prisoner to [[Veliko Tarnovo]] – where he is locked up at the top of a tower in the [[Tsarevets (fortress)|Tsarevets]] fortress. Later, Baldwin is possibly executed by orders of Kaloyan (this according to the Byzantine historian [[George Akropolites]]).<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 107. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; [[Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras|Battle of Koundouros]]: Byzantine forces (some 5,000 men) under [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas|Michael Doukas]], governor of the [[Peloponnese (theme)|Theme of the Peloponnese]] (and later [[Despot of Epirus]]), tries to stop the Latin army (some 700 knights and foot soldiers) at the Olive Grove of Koundouros. The Byzantines are defeated by [[William of Champlitte]], who later founds the [[Principality of Achaea]] (a vassal state of the [[Latin Empire]]).
* [[Othon de la Roche]], a Burgundian nobleman, founds the [[Duchy of Athens]] (one of the [[Crusader states]] set up in [[Greece]]) and takes the title of "Grand Lord" (''Megaskyr'') in [[Athens]].<ref>Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). "A Note on Michael Choniates, Archbishop of Athens (1182–1204)", p. 235.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Philip of Swabia]] becomes [[King of the Romans]] and is crowned again with great ceremony at [[Aachen]] by Archbishop [[Adolf of Altena|Adolf of Cologne]]. After several threats, Adolf is removed from office by Pope [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] and excommunicated, on [[July 19]]. Philip is able to increasingly assert his kingship against [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto of Brunswick]] (who is also crowned king of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]]) in the northern parts of the [[Alps]].<ref>Wihoda, Martin (2015). ''Vladislaus Henry: The Formation of the Moravian Identity'', p. 93. Brill.</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]], brother of the late King [[Emeric, King of Hungary|Emeric]], is crowned ruler of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Croatia]] at [[Székesfehérvár]], after his 5-year-old nephew, [[Ladislaus III of Hungary|Ladislaus III]], suddenly dies in [[Vienna]]. Andrew introduces a new policy for royal grants, which he calls "new institutions". He distributes large portions of his domain–such as royal castles and all estates attached to them–to supporters and Hungarian nobles.<ref>Engel, Pál (2001). ''The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary (895–1526)'', pp. 91–92. I.B. Tauris Publishers. {{ISBN|1-86064-061-3}}.</ref>
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Battle of Zawichost]]: Polish forces under High Duke [[Leszek the White]] defeat the Kievan army at [[Zawichost]]. During the ambush, [[Roman the Great|Roman Mstislavich]], Grand Prince of [[Principality of Kiev|Kiev]], is killed. He is succeeded by his two infant sons, [[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel]] and [[Vasilko Romanovich|Vasilko]]. Their principalities are ruled by their mother [[Anna-Euphrosyne|Anna of Byzantium]], but the [[boyars]] of [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Galicia–Volhynia]] forces her and the young princes into exile.<ref>[[David Nicolle]] & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Campaign Nr. 98: ''Kalka River 1223. Genghis Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 19. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; King [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] ("Augustus") conquers most of the [[Angevin Empire|Angevin]] lands, including much of [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]]. Fearing a French invasion of [[Kingdom of England|England]]  itself, [[John, King of England]] ("Lackland") requires every English male over 12 years to enter a [[mobilization]] "for the general defense of the realm and the preservation of peace". John prepares an expedition force of his own, but the barons refuse to cross the [[English Channel|Channel]].<ref name=Warren>{{cite book|title=King John|first=W. L.|last=Warren|publisher=University of California Press|year=1961|pages=111, 130}}</ref>

==== England ====
* [[William of Wrotham]], [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]], oversees a reform of English [[currency]]. In keeping with other high-ranking bureaucrats of his time, this is just one of Wrotham's many offices. He is also "keeper of ports", the forerunner of the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], supervisor of the mints of [[Canterbury]] and [[London]], ward of the vacant [[Diocese of Bath and Wells]] and archdeacon of [[Taunton]].<ref name=Warren/>

==== Levant ====
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Aimery of Cyprus]], king of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], dies of [[Foodborne illness|food poisoning]] caused by [[white mullet]]. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son [[Hugh I of Cyprus|Hugh I]] as ruler of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]]. His mother, Queen [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]] becomes [[regent]] over the young boy, but she dies suddenly four days after her husband. The High Court of Cyprus appoints [[Walter of Montbéliard]] (brother-in-law of Aimery) as regent and Hugh's guardian.<ref>Lock, Peter (2006). ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades'', p. 103. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-39312-6}}.</ref>

==== Africa ====
* Caliph [[Muhammad al-Nasir]] establishes [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] domination over the eastern parts of [[Ifriqiya]] (modern [[Tunisia]]). He appoints General [[Muhammad al-Nasir#Viziers|Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs]] as governor of Ifriqiya.<ref name=Picard1997>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[July 15]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] lays down the principle that [[Jews]] are doomed to perpetual servitude, because they had crucified [[Jesus]].</onlyinclude>