Editing 1199 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ==== 

* [[January 13]] &ndash; A short-lived truce is declared, between the Kings [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] ('''the Lionheart''') and [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] ('''Augustus''').<ref name="CBH1199">{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan |last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica |year=1992 |title=The Chronology of British History |publisher=Century Ltd |location=London |pages=73–75 |isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> Two of Europe's most powerful rulers meet on the banks of the [[Seine|Seine River]], while shouting terms to one another. With a peace secured, Richard is able to refocus on bringing internal order to the south of the [[Angevin Empire]].<ref>Rees, Simon (2006). "King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus". Military History (published September 2006).</ref>
* [[March 26]] &ndash; Richard I besieges the unarmed castle of [[Château de Châlus-Chabrol|Châlus-Chabrol]], and is shot in the left shoulder with a [[crossbow]], by the French boy [[Pierre Basile]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Hywel |title=Cassell's Chronology of World History |url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129 |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=2005 |isbn=0-304-35730-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/129 129–131]}}</ref> The war between the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] has become so brutal, that [[Hugh of Lincoln]] is warned that "nothing now is safe, neither the city to dwell in nor the highway for travel".<ref>''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 63</ref>
* [[April 6]] &ndash; Richard I dies from [[gangrene]], caused by his crossbow wound. His younger brother, [[John, King of England|John]] ('''Lackland'''), becomes [[List of English monarchs|King of England]]. Richard's jewels are left to his nephew, [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]], [[King of the Romans]].<ref>{{cite book |title=King John |first=Lewis |last=Warren |publisher=University of California Press |year=1961 |page=48}}</ref> [[Mercadier]], a mercenary captain and Richard's [[second in command]], has Pierre Basile [[Flaying|flayed]] alive and [[Hanging|hanged]].
* [[Roman the Great|Roman Mstislavich]] ('''the Great'''), Grand Prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Vladimir]]-[[Principality of Volhynia|Volhynia]], unites his realm with its westerly neighbor [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (after the death of [[Vladimir II Yaroslavich|Vladimir II]]). He makes the [[Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia]] more powerful than [[Principality of Kiev|Kiev]]. 
* Summer &ndash; Philip II renews his war against England, supporting the rival claim to the English throne of John's 12-year-old nephew [[Arthur I, Duke of Brittany|Arthur I]], duke of [[Duchy of Brittany|Brittany]].<ref name="CBH1199"/>
* Summer &ndash; After [[Brothers' Quarrel (Hungary)|uncovering a plot]] against him, [[Emeric, King of Hungary]] defeats his brother [[Andrew II of Hungary|Duke Andrew]] in a battle, forcing him into exile in [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]]. Thereafter, border clashes occurs between Hungary and Austria.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2022 |title=Az Aranybulla királya ''[The King of the Golden Bull]'' |publisher=Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet |page=32 |isbn=978-963-8406-26-2|language=hu}}</ref>

==== Britain ====
* [[May 26]] &ndash; John returns to [[London]] and chooses people to help him to rule the kingdom. He appoints Archbishop [[Hubert Walter]] as his advisor and chancellor. [[Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey Fitz Peter]] is chosen as [[Chief Justiciar]] and [[William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke|William]] ('''the Marshal''') becomes Marshal of John's household. On [[May 27]], John is crowned as king of England at [[Westminster Abbey]]. 
* Summer &ndash; King [[William the Lion]] of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] supports John's claim to the English throne, in exchange for ownership of the northern territories (including  [[Northumberland]] and [[Cumberland]]).

==== Africa ====
* [[January 23]] &ndash; Caliph [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur]] dies at [[Marrakesh]] after a 15-year reign in which he has defeated the Castilian forces of King [[Alfonso VIII of Castile|Alfonso VIII]] ('''the noble''') (see [[1195]]) and other Christian enemies in [[Al-Andalus]]. He is succeeded by his son [[Muhammad al-Nasir]] as ruler of the [[Almohad Caliphate]] (until [[1213]]).

==== Japan ====
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]], Japanese [[shogun]], dies at [[Kamakura]] after a 7-year reign in which he has established the [[Kamakura shogunate|Kamakura Shogunate]] (see [[1192]]). He is succeeded by his 16-year-old son [[Minamoto no Yoriie]], his grandfather [[Hōjō Tokimasa]] proclaims himself [[regent]] for Yoriie (until [[1202]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* Summer &ndash; Pope [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] calls for a fourth Crusade at [[Rome]].  Due to the preaching of [[Fulk of Neuilly]], an army is organized at a tournament held at [[Asfeld#History|Ecry-sur-Aisne]] by [[Theobald III, Count of Champagne|Theobald III]], count of [[County of Champagne|Champagne]], on [[November 28]]. 
* [[St Laurence's Church, Ludlow|St. Laurence's Church, Ludlow]], in England is rebuilt.
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