Editing 1141 (section)

== Events ==
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* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[The Anarchy]] in the [[Kingdom of England]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lincoln (1141)|Battle of Lincoln]]: [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] and [[Empress Matilda]] wrest control of the throne of [[England]] from [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]], who is captured and imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qH1u1Ca-1IC&q=1141+Battle+of+Lincoln|title=The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340|last=Verbruggen|first=J. F.|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=1997|isbn=9780851155708|edition=Second |location=Woodbridge, UK|pages=129|language=en|translator-last=Wilard|translator-first=Sumner|orig-year=1954|translator-last2=Southern|translator-first2=R. W.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04S4YdDarD0C&q=1141+Battle+of+Lincoln&pg=PA192|title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare|last=Bennett|first=Matthew|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=9781579581169|location=Chicago and London|pages=192|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yoshitake|first=Kenji|date=1988-06-01|title=The arrest of the bishops in 1139 and its consequences|journal=Journal of Medieval History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=97–114|doi=10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-X|issn=0304-4181}}</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Géza II of Hungary|Géza II]] is crowned [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] at age 11, succeeding his father.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GajVAAAAQBAJ&q=1141+Geza+II&pg=PA154|title=The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople|last=Bauer|first=S. Wise|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2013|isbn=9780393059762|location=New York|pages=154|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Christie|first1=Olav H. J.|last2=Rácz|first2=Anita|last3=Elek|first3=János|last4=Héberger|first4=Károly|date=2014|title=Classification and unscrambling a class-inside-class situation by object target rotation: Hungarian silver coins of the Árpád Dynasty, ad 997–1301|journal=Journal of Chemometrics|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=287–292|doi=10.1002/cem.2601|s2cid=54977823|issn=1099-128X|url=http://real.mtak.hu/13432/7/JChemometrics_Manuscript-final_2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://real.mtak.hu/13432/7/JChemometrics_Manuscript-final_2014.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] philosopher [[Judah Halevi]] sets off from [[Alexandria]] on a pilgrimage to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqViDwAAQBAJ&q=1141+Judah+Halevi+pilgrimage&pg=PA355|title=Encyclopedia of medieval Literature, Jay Ruud, 2006: Encyclopedia of medieval Literature|last=Ruud|first=Jay|publisher=Facts on File|year=2006|isbn=0-8160-5497-5|series=Facts on File Library of World Literature|location=New York|pages=355|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5JxUjfwInoC&q=1141+Judah+Halevi&pg=PA265|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|last=Brann|first=Ross|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780521030236|editor-last=Menocal|editor-first=María Rosa|location=Cambridge, UK and New York|pages=273|language=en|quote=For example, in four poems written in 1141 as the anxious pilgrim awaited favorable gusts to take him by ship from Alexandria to the coast of northern Palestine|editor-last2=Scheindlin|editor-first2=Raymond P.|editor-last3=Sells|editor-first3=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goitein|first=Shelomo Dov|date=1959|title=The Biography of Rabbi Judah Ha-Levi in the Light of the Cairo Geniza Documents|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research|volume=28|pages=41–56|doi=10.2307/3622446|issn=0065-6798|jstor=3622446}}</ref>
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Qatwan]]: [[Yelü Dashi]], founder of the [[Qara Khitai]], defeats the [[Seljuk Empire]] and [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-Khanid]] forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&q=1141+Battle+of+Qatwan&pg=PA110|title=The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World|last=Biran|first=Michal|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521842266|location=Cambridge, UK and New York|pages=110|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&q=1141+Battle+of+Qatwan&pg=PA238|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|last=Sinor|first=D.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|year=1999|isbn=9788120815957|editor-last=Asimov|editor-first=Muchamed Sajfutdinovič|volume=IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century (Part One: The historical, social and economic setting)|location=Delhi|pages=238|language=en|chapter=The Kitan and the Kara Khitay|editor-last2=Bosworth|editor-first2=C. E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hamilton|first=Alastair|date=2016-01-01|title=Prester John. The Legend and its Sources, written by Keagan Brewer (editor and translator)|journal=Church History and Religious Culture|language=en|volume=96|issue=3|pages=379–380|doi=10.1163/18712428-09603008|issn=1871-2428}}</ref>
* [[September 14]] &ndash; The Anarchy in the [[Kingdom of England]] &ndash; [[Rout of Winchester]]: Empress Matilda returns to the throne, after Robert is captured by loyalist forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spSBDwAAQBAJ&q=1141+Rout+of+Winchester&pg=PT210|title=The Earl, the Kings, and the Chronicler: Robert Earl of Gloucester and the Reigns of Henry I and Stephen|last=Patterson|first=Robert B.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780192518675|location=Oxford and New York|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WndKDAAAQBAJ&q=1141+Rout+of+Winchester&pg=PA117|title=Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300|last=Heath|first=Ian|publisher=Wargames Research Group|year=2016|isbn=9781326686215|edition=Second |location=Cambridge, UK|pages=117|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Painter|first=Sidney|date=January 1932|title=The Rout of Winchester|journal=Speculum|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=70–75|doi=10.2307/2848323|issn=0038-7134|jstor=2848323|s2cid=162197175}}</ref>
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The Anarchy in the Kingdom of England &ndash; [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] is exchanged by Empress Matilda for [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]], who reassumes the throne of England.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-l2AAAAMAAJ&q=1141+Robert+Gloucester+exchange+Stephen&pg=PA53|title=The Queens of England and Their Times: From Matilda, Queen of William the Conqueror, to Adelaide, Queen of William the Fourth|last=Lancelott|first=Francis|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|year=1859|volume=I|location=New York|pages=53–54|language=en|chapter=Matilda of Bolougne, Queen of Stephen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZABAAAAQAAJ&q=1141+Robert+Gloucester+exchange+Stephen&pg=PA17|title=Annals of England: A Senior Class Date-Book of English History|publisher=T. Nelson and Sons|year=1875|series=The Royal School Series|location=London, Edinburgh and New York|pages=17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crouch|first=David|date=1988-01-01|title=Earl William of Gloucester and the end of the Anarchy: new evidence relating to the honor of Eudo Dapifer|journal=The English Historical Review|language=en|volume=CIII|issue=CCCCVI|pages=69–75|doi=10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCVI.69|issn=0013-8266}}</ref>
* [[November]] &ndash; The [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] and Southern [[Song dynasty]] sign the [[Treaty of Shaoxing]], and peace in the [[Jin–Song Wars]] lasts for the next twenty years. The [[Huai River]] is established as the boundary between them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLzcHcHPsTEC&q=1141+Treaty+of+Shaoxing&pg=PA15|title=Breaking God's Flail: Chan Sculpture and the Death of a Great Khan in Song Dynasty Hechuan|last=Gordon|first=Kim Hunter|publisher=Kim Hunter Gordon|year=2012|isbn=9787502256630|location=Beijing|pages=15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnCMBAAAQBAJ&q=1141+Treaty+of+Shaoxing&pg=PA289|title=Dynastic China: An Elementary History|last=San|first=Tan Koon|publisher=The Other Press|year=2014|isbn=9789839541885|location=Petaling Jaya|pages=289|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Shi-Yee|date=January 2010|title=Epitome of National Disgrace: A Painting Illuminating Song-Jin Diplomatic Relations|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|language=en|volume=45|pages=55–82|doi=10.1086/met.45.41558052|s2cid=155655394|issn=0077-8958|quote=It was not until the autumn of 1141, after the Song army had scored a few significant victories, that the two states began negotiating a peace treaty, which was completed in October 1142. Although this Peace Treaty of the Shaoxing Era (Shaoxing heyi) ended the ravaging decade-long military conflict, the Song empire was degraded to a vassal state of the Jin in a hierarchical relationship defined as minister to ruler.}}</ref>
* The first German colonists (the future [[Transylvanian Saxon]] community) arrive in [[Transylvania]], following grants by [[Géza II of Hungary|Geza II of Hungary]]. The colonization process is completed in [[1162]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6KNBwAAQBAJ&q=1141+Transylvania+Saxons&pg=PA23|title=The Ethnic German Refugee in Austria 1945 to 1954|last=Radspieler|first=T.|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=1955|isbn=9789401179102|location=The Hague, Netherlands|pages=23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rM32vMruD9AC&q=1141+Transylvania+Saxons&pg=PA6|title=Charted Peasant Designs from Saxon Transylvania|last1=Sigerus|first1=Emil|last2=Kiewe|first2=Heinz Edgar|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=1977|isbn=9780486234250|location=New York|pages=6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Koranyi|first1=James|last2=Wittlinger|first2=Ruth|date=2011-03-11|title=From Diaspora to Diaspora: The Case of Transylvanian Saxons in Romania and Germany|journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume=17|issue=1|pages=96–115|doi=10.1080/13537113.2011.550248|s2cid=22425866|issn=1353-7113|quote=Most academic literature on the topic suggests that the majority of early settlers colonized the area following a call by the Hungarian King Géza II (1141-1162) acting as “defenders” of Christianity and, later, of the Kingdom of Hungary.5|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/9766/1/9766.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/9766/1/9766.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The Italian winemaking company ''Ricasoli'' is founded.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Montanari|first1=Stefano|last2=Di Toma|first2=Paolo|last3=Lazzini|first3=Arianna|date=2012|title=Entrepreneurial strategies and corporate governance: experiences from the Italian wine industry|url=https://iris.unimore.it/handle/11380/840103|journal=Corporate Board|volume=8|pages=44–60|quote=Our analysis is focused on the wine industry in Italy and analyzes the case of Barone Ricasoli Spa an estate owned by the family Ricasoli since 1141.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foodandwinegazette.com/4676|title=Barone Ricasoli: A visit to the oldest winery in Italy and the one which created the Chianti Classico|last=Brincat|first=Ivan|date=3 February 2016|work=Food and Wine Gazette|access-date=9 July 2019|quote=The first stones of Brolio Castle date back to the middle ages. The castle passed into the hands of the Ricasoli family thanks to an exchange of lands in 1141.}}</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Alberic of Ostia]], papal legate to [[Outremer]], dedicated solemnly the [[Templum Domini]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="HamiltonJotischky">{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Bernard |last2=Jotischky |first2=Andrew |title=Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States |date=22 October 2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83638-8 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edj8DwAAQBAJ |access-date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 2]] &ndash; In a [[legatine council]] convened by Alberic of Ostia in the Templum Domini, the claim of the [[Latin Patriarch of Antioch]] over the [[See of Tyre|diocese of Tyre]] is rejected.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lapina |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Morton |first2=Nicholas |title=The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources |date=22 May 2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-34121-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9YkDwAAQBAJ |access-date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Also, a step towards church unity between the [[Armenian Church|Armenian]] and [[Latin Church]] is achieved when the [[Armenian Catholicos]] [[Gregory III of Cilicia|Gregory III]] makes a profession of faith and promises to restore union with Rome, which is achieved at the end of the century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=James D. |editor1-last=Gervers |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Powell |editor2-first=James M. |title=Tolerance and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades |date=1 May 2001 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-2869-9 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9dEpOsfVdIC |access-date=23 February 2024 |language=en |chapter=Toleration Denied: Armenia between East and West in the Era of the Crusades}}</ref>
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