Editing 1030 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===
==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Emperor [[Romanos III Argyros]] decides to retaliate upon the incursions of the Muslims on the eastern frontier. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force (20,000 men) to secure [[Antioch]]. The [[Mirdasid]] emir [[Shibl al-Dawla Nasr]] of [[Aleppo]] sues for peace, but Romanos refuses to negotiate and leads his army against Aleppo, against the advice of his generals. The Byzantine army encamped near [[Azaz]], [[Battle of Azaz (1030)|where they were encircled]] by the Mirdasids' [[Bedouin]] troops, who cut off the Byzantines from food and water. 
* [[August 10]] &ndash; Romanos orders a retreat to Antioch. As the army is exhausted from the heat and the lack of supplies, the retreat soon turns into a flight in panic. Romanos returns to Constantinople in humiliation, but his generals on the eastern frontier manage to salvage the situation: a [[Fatimid]] attack on [[Maraclea]] is repulsed, and Azaz itself is captured in December after a brief siege. In April/May 1031, Emir Nasr of Aleppo agreed to vassal and tributary status with Byzantium.<ref>{{cite book | last=Halm | first=Heinz | authorlink = Heinz Halm | title = Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074 | language = German | trans-title = The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074 | publisher = C. H. Beck | location = Munich | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-406-48654-1 | pages=341–343}}</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[June]] &ndash; Emperor [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] ('''the Elder''') leads an invasion into [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]]. He plunders the lands west of the River [[Rába]] but suffers from the consequences of the [[scorched earth]] tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat to [[Germany]]. King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] pursued his forces, which were defeated and captured by the Hungarians at [[Vienna]].
* [[July 29]] – [[Battle of Stiklestad]]: King [[Olaf II of Norway|Olaf II Haraldsson]] ('''St. Olaf''') attempts to reconquer [[Norway]] with help from King [[Anund Jakob]] of [[Sweden]]. He is defeated by a superior Norwegian peasant and Danish army (14,000 men). Olaf is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the [[patron saint]] of Norway and ''Rex perpetuum Norvegiae'' ('the eternal king of Norway').
* The first mention is made of [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]], as Grand Prince [[Yaroslav the Wise|Yaroslav I]] ('''the Wise''') of [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] and [[Kyiv]] defeats the [[Estonians]] and finds a fort named Yuryev (modern-day Tartu).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tvauri|first1=Andres|title=The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia|date=2012|pages=33, 59, 60|url=https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG|accessdate=December 27, 2016}}</ref> The Rus' will hold the fortress for 30 or 31 years.
* The first mention is made of [[Thalwil]], [[Switzerland]], derived from ''Tellewilare'' and indicates the early medieval origins of Thalwil as an [[Alemanni]]c farmstead.
* [[Henry I of France|Henry I]] revolts against his father, King [[Robert II of France|Robert II]] ('''the Pious'''), in a civil war over power and property. Robert's army is defeated, and he retreats to [[Beaugency]].

==== Asia ====
* [[April 30]] &ndash; Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his son [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]], who seizes the throne of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]], which includes much of [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], and India.
* [[Ouyang Xiu]], a Chinese historian and scholar, obtained his ''[[Jinshi (imperial examination)|jinshi]]'' degree at the age of 23, by passing the [[imperial examinations]] in the country, leading him to a distinguished path as a [[scholar-official]].
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* [[Chola Dynasty|The Chola Empire]] reaches its greatest extent.