Editing 'Ndrangheta (section)

==Etymology==
In folk culture surrounding the 'Ndrangheta in [[Calabria]], references to the Spanish [[Garduña]] often appear. Aside from these references, however, there is nothing to substantiate a link between the two organizations. The [[Calabrian dialects|Calabrian]] word 'Ndrangheta derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Turone, Giuliano |title=Il delitto di associazione mafiosa |publisher=Giuffrè editore |year=2008 |isbn=978-88-14-13917-8 |page=97 |quote=Il vocabolo deriva infatti dal greco antico ανδραγαθία e significa valore, prodezza, carattere del galantuomo.}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=OrS8in3ETtAC&pg=PA87&dq='ndranghet+deriva+greco+antico&hl=it&ei=CGNATs_lApDzsgaR05WFCQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511122004/https://books.google.com/books?id=OrS8in3ETtAC&pg=PA87&dq=%27ndranghet+deriva+greco+antico&hl=it&ei=CGNATs_lApDzsgaR05WFCQ|date=11 May 2016}}</ref> word ἀνδραγαθία ''andragathía'' meaning "gallantry" or "manly virtue"<ref>{{LSJ|a)ndragaqi/a|ἀνδραγαθία|ref}}</ref> or ἀνδράγαθος ''andrágathos'', a compound of the words ἀνήρ, ''anḗr'' ([[Genitive|gen.]] ἀνδρóς, ''andrós''), i.e. man,<ref>{{LSJ|a)nh/r|ἀνήρ|ref}}</ref> and ἀγαθός, ''agathós'', i.e. good, brave,<ref>{{LSJ|a)gaqo/s|ἀγαθός|ref}}</ref> meaning a courageous man.<ref>[[headword|lemma]] ''{{lang|el|ανδραγαθία}}''; {{cite book|title=Dictionary of Modern Greek|first=Georgios|last=Babiniotis|author-link=Georgios Babiniotis|publisher=Lexicology Centre|location=Athens|title-link=Babiniotis dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Andreia: Studies in manliness and courage in classical antiquity|editor1-first=Ralph M.|editor1-last=Rosen|editor2-first=Ineke|editor2-last=Sluiter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ko1iAAAAMAAJ&q=aner+agathos+andragathia|page=55|publisher=Brill|year=2003|isbn=9789004119956}}</ref> In many areas of Calabria the verb '''ndranghitiari'', from the Greek verb ''andragathízesthai'',<ref>{{LSJ|a)ndragaqi/zomai|ἀνδραγαθίζεσθαι|ref}}</ref> means "to engage in a defiant and valiant attitude".<ref name="gratteri21">Gratteri & Nicaso, ''Fratelli di sangue'', p. 21</ref>

The etymological approach is criticised by some historians. [[John Dickie (historian)|John Dickie]] argues that "the flattering connotations of the word 'Ndrangheta (courage, martial prowess, manliness) indicate that the 'Ndrangheta as a social phenomenon was rooted in the same positive values, and that it only later degenerated into criminality."<ref name=dickie2023>{{cite journal |last1=Dickie |first1=John |date=2023 |title=The name 'ndrangheta: History versus etymology |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/name-ndrangheta-history-versus-etymology/D321AC11A6F21408D8390AF71E20B8EB |journal= Modern Italy |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=215–229 |doi=10.1017/mit.2023.17 |s2cid=258543747 |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> A historical and sociological approach shows that 'Ndrangheta is actually the most recent of many earlier descriptions of the phenomenon of organised crime in Calabria. [[#History|Historical evidence]] suggests, according to Dickie, that the use of 'Ndrangheta as a name for the Calabrian mafia was adopted by Calabrian mafiosi themselves around the time it first appeared in the documentary sources of the Carabinieri in the late 1920s.<ref name=dickie2023 /> The word 'Ndrangheta was brought to a wider audience by the Calabrian writer [[Corrado Alvaro]] in the {{Lang|it|[[Corriere della Sera]]}} in September 1955.<ref name=dickie2023 /><ref name="tizian">{{in lang|it}} [http://www.stopndrangheta.it/file/stopndrangheta_15.pdf ''"La 'ndrangheta transnazionale: Dalla picciotteria alla santa – Analisi di un fenomeno criminale globalizzato"''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329204501/http://www.stopndrangheta.it/file/stopndrangheta_15.pdf |date=29 March 2012}} (PDF), Giovanni Tizian, March 2009.</ref><ref name=truzzolillo2011>{{cite journal |last1=Truzzolillo |first1=Fabio |date=2011 |title=The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/ndrangheta-the-current-state-of-historical-research/BB6713082B422711F47BEC5C5FB3A4AB |journal= Modern Italy |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=363–383 |doi=10.1080/13532944.2011.554805 |s2cid=145785097 |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>