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Vigdís Finnbogadóttir

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Icelandic name Template:Infobox officeholder Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (Template:IPA; born 15 April 1930) is an Icelandic politician who served as the fourth president of Iceland from 1980 to 1996, the first woman to hold the position and the first in the world to be democratically elected president of a country.Template:Efn Having served for 16 years, she was also the longest-serving elected female head of state in history. Vigdís is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and a member of the Club of Madrid.

Early life and career

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Vigdís was born on 15 April 1930 in Reykjavík.<ref name="icelandmonitor">Template:Cite web</ref> Her father was a civil engineer, and her mother was a nurse who headed the national nurses association.<ref name="Inga">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The following year, her younger brother Þorvaldur was born; he did not survive to adulthood, as he drowned in Hreðavatn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Vigdís enrolled at the University of Grenoble in 1949, later switching to the Sorbonne.<ref name="icelandmag">Template:Cite web</ref> She studied English and French literature, giving special emphasis to plays,<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp and she graduated in 1953.<ref name="icelandmag" />

Vigdís was married in 1954.<ref name="icelandmag" /> The same year, she began acting,<ref name="France24">Template:Cite web</ref> co-founding a theatre group. She also worked on the translation of several French plays.<ref name="icelandmonitor" /> She enrolled at the University of Copenhagen in 1957, where she studied theatre history until the following year.<ref name="icelandmag" /> She was divorced in 1963.<ref name="icelandmag" /> Vigdís participated in the anti-military rallies that took place in the 1960s and 1970s, protesting the United States military presence in Iceland.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp Vigdís adopted a daughter in 1972,<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp making her the first single woman in Iceland to adopt a child.<ref name="icelandmag" />

Vigdís taught French lessons on television for RÚV beginning in 1972, making her a well known figure throughout the nation.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp In the same year, she was appointed the artistic director of the Reykjavík Theatre Company.<ref name="France24" /> She became a member of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Affairs in the Nordic Countries in 1976, and the organisation's chair in 1978.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp She continued in all of these positions until she became President of Iceland in 1980.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp<ref name="France24" /> Other jobs she held early in life included her work as a French teacher at several colleges, including at the University of Iceland, and her work as a tour guide with the Icelandic Tourist Bureau in the summers. She eventually became the head of the Icelandic Tourist Bureau.<ref name="icelandmag" />

Presidency (1980–1996)

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Vigdís ran in the 1980 presidential election.<ref name="Topping">Template:Cite news</ref> During her campaign, her anti-military position and her opposition to a United States presence in Iceland led to allegations that she was sympathetic to communism.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref> Vigdís ran for president to prove that women were able to lead political campaigns, and she did not expect to win.<ref name="Topping" /> Despite this, Vigdís won the election on 29 June 1980.<ref name="icelandmag" /> The vote was split among four candidates, and she prevailed with 33.6% of the vote.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp Vigdís was the first woman to ever be democratically elected as a head of state in any country, taking office on 1 August 1980 as the fourth president of Iceland.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="France24" /> The number of women in the Althing increased significantly after her election.<ref name="Topping" />

Vigdís was re-elected without opposition in the 1984 presidential election.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp She oversaw the Reykjavík Summit on 11–12 October 1986 between American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, which is credited with improving relations between the countries and bringing the Cold War closer to an end.<ref name=":5" /> In the 1988 presidential election, Vigdís became the first incumbent president of Iceland to face a challenger in the presidential election. The challenger fared poorly, and Vigdís won with 92.7% of the vote.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp She was again re-elected without opposition in 1992.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp

Though the Icelandic presidency is mostly ceremonial, Vigdís became an active president, using the role to represent the nation and to inform the national identity through cultural initiatives.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp Vigdís is an environmentalist, and used her presidency as a platform to advocate for environmental issues. She led a campaign for reforestation in Iceland, and called for the prevention of topsoil loss.<ref name="icelandmag" /> Vigdís is also a pacifist,<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp and she describes herself as a "peace person".<ref name=":5" /> She was also an advocate for gay rights as president.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp

The decision Vigdís considered "the most difficult episode" of her career took place in 1994 during the debate on joining the European Economic Area. A strong opposition existed against European integration in Iceland, but Vigdís supported the European Union and European integration, and she refused to use her presidential veto to block Iceland's association with the European Economic Area.<ref name="France24" /> Vigdís decided not to run for a fifth term as president, and her tenure ended in August 1996.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp She served for 16 years. To date, she is the longest-serving female elected head of state in recorded history.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp

File:President Ronald Reagan walks with President Vigdis Finnbogadottir of Iceland.jpg
During the Reykjavík Summit, President Ronald Reagan walks with Vigdis at Bessastaðir

Post-presidency

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Vigdís became the founding chair of the Council of Women World Leaders in 1996, and she was first chair of the World Commission on the Ethics in Scientific Knowledge and Technology from 1997 to 2001.<ref name="Inga" />Template:Rp Since 1998, Vigdís has served as UNESCO's Goodwill Ambassador for languages.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She is also a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Vigdís continued her peace advocacy after her tenure as president ended. In 2016, she expressed her desire for the United States and Russia to visit Iceland to resolve their differences through discussion as they did during the Reykjavík Summit. She has described the relations between the two countries as a new Cold War.<ref name=":5" />

Vigdís is a member of the Club of Madrid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Honours

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National honours

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Foreign honours

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Honorary degrees

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See also

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References

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