Tino rangatiratanga

The Māori text of an original printed (not longhand) copy of the Treaty of Waitangi. The phrase "tino Rangatiratanga" is highlighted for emphasis.

Template:Lang and is important to Māori and New Zealand culture and politics. Here the phrase is highlighted as it appears in the printed copies of the Treaty of Waitangi, as part of article two (Template:Lang).

Template:Lang is a Māori language term that translates literally to 'highest chieftainship' or 'unqualified chieftainship', but is also translated as "absolute sovereignty" or "self-determination," is central to Māori political aspirations. Many Māori advocate for tino rangatiratanga as a way to restore Māori control over their lands, resources, and cultural institutions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The very translation of Template:Lang is important to New Zealand politics, as it is used in the Māori version of the Treaty of Waitangi to express "full exclusive and undisturbed possession" over Māori-owned lands and property, but different translations have drastically different implications for the relationship between the 1840 signatories: the British Crown and the Māori chiefs (rangatira).Template:Efn

It has become one of the most contentious phrases in retrospective analyses of the treaty amid debate surrounding the obligations that were agreed to by each signatory.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The phrase features in current historical and political discourse on race relations in New Zealand and is widely used by Māori advocacy groups.

Calls for tino rangatiratanga

One of the foundational examples of Māori assertions of sovereignty is He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni (The Declaration of Independence, 1835). Signed by northern Māori chiefs, this document affirmed Māori sovereignty over New Zealand and continues to be referenced, particularly by Ngāpuhi, as a basis for Māori independence. For example, groups like Ngāti Hine have expressed interest in pursuing greater autonomy or hapū-level independence. Activists such as Donna Awatere Huata have also advanced the cause of self-determination, envisioning full independence in works like Māori Sovereignty.

A tino rangatiratanga flag was designed in 1989 and has become accepted as a national flag for Māori groups across New Zealand.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Tino Rangatiratanga flag has become a prominent symbol of sovereignty, often seen during protests. In some instances, these protests include explicit calls for Māori independence and the rejection of New Zealand government authority. Small radical groups, such as Nga Iwi Morehu, have echoed these sentiments, drawing on findings like the Waitangi Tribunal’s Wai 1040 report, which asserts that Māori never ceded sovereignty under the Treaty of Waitangi.

Origins and etymology

File:He Wakaputanga (Whakaputanga) o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni - The Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand pg1.jpg

The Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand, made to the British Resident in New Zealand on 28 October 1835. The phrase tino rangatiratanga can be seen in the first line of section one.

A Template:Lang is a chief, the nominalising suffix Template:Lang makes the word an abstract noun referring to the quality or attributes of chieftainship. The word is also translated as 'chiefly autonomy', or 'kingdom', referencing the 'chiefly authority' and domain of the chief.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Lang is used as an intensifier, indicating that something is true, genuine or unrivalled.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The addition in this context means the phrase can be translated as 'highest chieftainship'.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp

The intention of the phrase was to "emphasize to a chief the Queen's intention to give the complete control according to their customs".<ref name=":0">Kawharu, I. H. (1989). Waitangi: Māori and Pākēha perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.</ref>Template:Rp One English translation is 'absolute sovereignty', although many also refer to it as self-determination,<ref>Awatere, D. (1982). Maori sovereignty. Broadsheet, 100, 38–42.</ref> autonomy,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> or Māori independence.

Treaty of Waitangi

The emphasis on Template:Lang draws from an inconsistency arising between Article 1 and Article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi:

• In the English text of Article 1 of the treaty, the Māori signatories cede their sovereignty to the British Crown. For the Māori text, since there was no direct Māori translation for the idea, the missionary neologism Template:Lang ('governorship') was used to represent the concept of sovereignty. That word was based on the transliteration of Template:Lang from 'governor', which had been invented by Bible translators to explain Pontius Pilate's authority in Judaea. Template:Lang had also been used prior to 1840 to describe the Governor of New South Wales.
• In the English text of Article 2, signatories are assured that "the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties" would remain for so long as they chose. In the Māori text, signatories are assured that their Template:Lang will remain undisturbed over their lands, Template:Lang and other Template:Lang: "te tino rangatiratanga o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa", literally "the absolute chieftainship of your lands, your homes, and all your treasures/taonga".

Based on the Māori text alone, in Article 1, the signatories appear to be granting Template:Lang, and in Article 2, the signatories are promised that their Template:Lang ('absolutely sovereignty' or 'highest chieftainship') would remain undisturbed. The apparent inconsistency led to much debate as to whether the Māori signatories intended to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown at all: a debate now definitively resolved by the Waitangi Tribunal finding that sovereignty was not ceded by the signing of the Treaty, but the Tribunal said nothing about how and when the Crown acquired the sovereignty that it exercises today.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Text of the Treaty

The original Māori text of article two with a literal translation by Professor I. H. Kawharu, as published in the Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy in 1988 (bold added):<ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref>

Flag

File:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg

The national Māori (or tino rangatiratanga) flag

The tino rangatiratanga flag is often referred to as the national Māori flag<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and can be used to represent all Māori.Template:Citation needed Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn designed the flag in 1989.<ref> Template:Cite web </ref> It uses black, white, and red as national colours of New Zealand. The design of the flag references the Māori creation story of Rangi and Papa, suggesting the sky, the earth, and the physical realm of light and being, which was created when they were separated.<ref name="fotw">Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Kīngitanga
• Māori protest movement
• United Tribes of New Zealand flag

External links

• Maori leaders clash over flag's new role at The New Zealand Herald