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Foreign relations of Thailand

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Politics of Thailand The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand.

Thailand participates fully in international and regional organizations. It has developed close ties with other ASEAN members—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos,and Vietnam—whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional cooperation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC host. Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, served as Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) from 2005 until 31 August 2013. In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.

Since the military coup of May 2014, Thailand's global reputation has plunged, according to Professor Thitinan Pongsudhirak of Chulalongkorn University. He maintains that, "When the fourth anniversary of Thailand's coup comes to pass later this month [May 2018], Thailand's foreign relations will be one of the many costs to be counted from the military government....Instead of moving ahead in its relations with the outside world, Thailand has regressed to a standstill.<ref name="BP-20180504">Template:Cite news</ref>

Disputes

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Parts of the border with Laos are undefined. A maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam was resolved, August 1997. Parts of maritime border with Cambodia are disputed.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sporadic conflict with Myanmar over alignment of border.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Thailand maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Thailand.svg
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Asia

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ASEAN

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Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Flag 1 January 1984 See Brunei–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 19 December 1950 See Cambodia–Thailand relations
  • Parts of Cambodia's border with Thailand are indefinite, and the maritime boundary with Thailand is not clearly defined. On 5 November 2009 Thailand recalled its ambassador from Cambodia in protest of the Cambodian government's appointment of Thai ex-leader Thaksin Shinawatra as an economic adviser.<ref name="BBC 5-11-09">Template:Cite news</ref> Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva stated that this was "the first diplomatic retaliation measure" against the appointment.<ref name="BBC 5-11-09"/> He also said that Cambodia was interfering in Thai internal affairs and as a result bi-lateral co-operation agreements would be reviewed.<ref name="BBC 5-11-09"/> The Cambodian government has stated that it would refuse any extradition request from Thailand for Thaksin as it considered him to be a victim of political persecution.<ref name="BBC 5-11-09"/>
  • In the months leading up to the Cambodian decision, troops from both nations had clashed over territory claimed by both countries immediately adjacent to Cambodia's Preah Vihear temple, leading to a deterioration in relations.<ref name="BBC 5-11-09"/> At 20:30 on 5 November Cambodia announced that it was withdrawing its ambassador from Thailand as a retaliatory measure.<ref name="etaiwan">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Xinhua">Template:Cite news</ref> Sok An, a member of the Council of Ministers and Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia, said that the appointment of Thaksin is a decision internal to Cambodia and that it "conforms to international practice".<ref name="Xinhua"/> The mutual withdrawal of ambassadors is the most severe diplomatic action to have occurred between the two countries.<ref name="Xinhua"/>
  • Thailand has an embassy in Phnom Penh, while Cambodia has an embassy in Bangkok.
Template:Flag 7 March 1950<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> See Indonesia–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 19 December 1950 See Laos–Thailand relations
  • In some respects, Thailand can be seen as a greater threat to Laos's independence than Vietnam because of its closer cultural affinity, its easier access, and its control over the railroad and highway routes to the sea. The Mekong River, which both sides have an interest in making a "river of true peace and friendship" — as their respective prime ministers called for in 1976 – also provides a north–south artery during the rainy season.<ref name=cs>Brown, MacAlister and Joseph J. Zasloff. "Relations with Thailand". Laos: a country study (Andrea Matles Savada, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (July 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref>
  • Thailand has an embassy in Vientiane and a consulate-general in Savannakhet.
  • Laos has an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate-general in Khon Kaen.
Template:Flag 31 August 1957 See Malaysia–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 24 August 1948 See Myanmar–Thailand relations

Myanmar has an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate-general in Chiang Mai. Thailand has an embassy in Yangon.<ref>Burmese embassy in Bangkok Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Thai embassy in Burma Template:Webarchive</ref>

Template:Flag 14 June 1949 See Philippines–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 20 September 1965 See Singapore–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 6 August 1976 See Thailand–Vietnam relations
  • Diplomatic relations between the two countries have existed since 1976, and are very friendly both economically and politically nowadays.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yet, relations between the two countries had always been marred by discord, which resulted from bitter rivalry to gain control of the area of what is today Laos and Cambodia.
  • In the 19th century, Thailand (then known as Siam) had fought a series of wars with the Nguyễn dynasty which then ruled over Vietnam over control of Cambodia. This rivalry will only temporarily subside when French colonists stepped in and gradually building an establishment in Southeast Asia, known as French Indochina.
  • During the Vietnam War, Thailand was aligned with South Vietnam and the United States and the U Tapao Air Base was used as a base for USAF aircraft. During the Fall of Saigon in 1975, fleeing South Vietnamese pilots arrived at U Tapao before fleeing to other countries.
  • In 1979, when the Khmer Rouge government in neighbouring Cambodia was toppled, this had raised concerns in Thailand and the Thai government quickly allied itself with the Khmer Rouge, later the CGDK, in fear of Vietnamese expansionism. In fact, Thailand was foremost among the ASEAN, of which it is part of, in opposing the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.
  • Cambodian refugees soon stayed at border camps straddling the Thai-Cambodian border, and these camps are often controlled by the Khmer Rouge or the CGDK. In the years that followed, Vietnam launched a series of raids on the camps and Vietnamese troops often penetrated into Thai territory and shelled Thai border villages and towns.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate-general in Khon Kaen.
  • Both countries are also members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Non-Aligned Movement.

Rest of Asia

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Flag 17 January 1977 See Bahrain–Thailand relations
  • Historically, Bahrain and Thailand shared mutual common of historical civilizations developed in both countries.<ref name=bna>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Since the 1990s, Thailand and Bahrain signed a major framework on economic cooperation, thus effectively making them important economic partners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Today, Thailand is a major investor in Bahrain.
  • In March 2019, Bahraini Prime Minister and Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, during his participation in the Thai Culture and Food Festival held in capital Manama, praised Thailand and expressed wish to promote the relations.<ref name=bna />
  • Thailand has an embassy in Manama.
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Bangkok.
Template:Flag 5 October 1972 See Bangladesh–Thailand relations
  • Relations are considered close and cordial and have made strides to improve trade and investment between the two countries. Diplomatic relations were established on 5 October 1972 and Thailand opened its embassy in 1974 followed by Bangladesh setting up their own in Bangkok in the following year. The first visit between the two countries was President Ziaur Rahman's visit to Thailand in 1979 followed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda in 1983. Other Heads of States like Ershad visited in 1985, 1988 and 1990 and Thaksin Shinawatra in July and December 2002 and January 2004. Thailand is a key country in Bangladesh's "Look East" policy and relations have begun to increase and diversify into different areas.
  • They seek not to intervene in each other's internal matters as shown by their response to the events occurring in their own respective countries in 2006 such as the 2006 Thai coup d'état and 2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis. Both have considerable cooperation in summits organised by BIMSTEC and the ASEAN regional forum. Upper class and upper middle class Bangladeshis often go to Thailand for medical treatment and operations that the country's medical infrastructure cannot provide.
Template:Flag 14 November 1989<ref name="list">Template:Cite web</ref> See Bhutan–Thailand relations
  • Diplomatic relations between both countries have grown stronger over the years.
  • Bhutan and Thailand also promote cooperation in the field of education.<ref name="E">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Bhutan has an embassy in Bangkok.
Template:Flag 1 July 1975<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See China–Thailand relations
Template:Flag (Special Administrative Region of China) See Hong Kong–Thailand relations
  • Thailand has a consulate-general in Hong Kong.
  • Hong Kong has an Economic and Trade Office in Bangkok.
  • On 27 April 2017, Hong Kong Chief Executive CY Leung met Thai Deputy Prime Minister Somkid Jatusripitak at Government House, Hong Kong. They exchanged views on Hong Kong's free trade agreement negotiations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.<ref>CE meets Thai deputy PM</ref>
Template:Flag 1 August 1947 See India–Thailand relations
  • Diplomatic relations between India and Thailand were established in 1947, soon after India gained independence. Thailand maintains three diplomatic posts in India: in Mumbai, in New Delhi, and in Calcutta. India maintains an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate-general in Chiang Mai.
  • The end of the Cold War led to a significant enhancement in the substance and pace of bilateral interactions. Indian Look East policy from 1993 and Thailand's Look West policy since 1996 set the stage for a substantive consolidation of bilateral relations. The past few years since 2001 have witnessed growing warmth, increasing economic and commercial links, exchange of high-level visits on both sides, and the signing of a large number of Agreements leading to a further intensification of relations. Thailand and India are cooperating in various multilateral fora like India's dialogue partnership with ASEAN, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and the East Asia Summit, the sub-regional grouping BIMSTEC involving Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan, and trilateral transport linkages with Thailand, Myanmar and India. India is a member of the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) initiated by Thailand in 2002 and of the Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC), a group of six countries.
Template:Flag 9 November 1955 See Iran–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 23 June 1954<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Israel–Thailand relations

Israel and Thailand have had official relations since June 1954. The Israeli embassy in Bangkok was established in 1958.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since 1996, Thailand has had an embassy in Tel Aviv.<ref>Thai embassy in Tel Aviv Template:Webarchive</ref> After the floods in 2011, Israel sent water management experts to Thailand. Princess Chulabhorn Mahidol is involved in advancing scientific cooperation between the two countries. The Thai ambassador to Israel is Jukr Boon-Long.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Flag 26 September 1887 See Japan–Thailand relations
File:Abhisit Vejjajiva and Yukio Hatoyama 20091108.jpg
Abhisit with Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama, 8 November 2009, Tokyo
  • Japan has become a key trading partner and foreign investor for Thailand. Japan is Thailand's largest supplier, followed by the United States. Since 2005, the rapid ramp-up in export of automobiles of Japanese makes (esp. Toyota, Nissan, Isuzu) has helped to dramatically improve the trade balance, with over 1 million cars produced last year. As such, Thailand has joined the ranks of the world's top ten automobile exporting nations. In 2007, a Japan–Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement was signed, aiming at free trade between the two countries after a transition period of 10 years.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Tokyo and consulates-general in Osaka and Fukuoka.
  • Japan has an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate-general in Chiang Mai.
Template:Flag 8 May 1975 See North Korea–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 1 October 1958 See South Korea–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 30 July 1980 See Oman–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 10 October 1951 See Pakistan–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 1 August 2012 See Palestine–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 7 August 1980 See Qatar–Thailand relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980. Their cooperation mainly revolves around tourism and energy.<ref name="mfath">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • According to the Thailand Labour Ministry, in 2017 there were 1,188 Thai citizens working in Qatar, and were mainly concentrated in the massage services industry and the construction industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Thailand has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Bangkok.
Template:Flag 1 October 1957 See Saudi Arabia–Thailand relations
  • Relations Saudi Arabia and Thailand were established in 1957 and hundreds of thousands of Thais went to Saudi Arabia to work.<ref name="The Nation">"Time running out for thai-saudi relations". Template:Webarchive (sic) Editorial. The Nation. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2012.</ref> However, relations have been severely strained for the past 20 years due to fallout from the Blue Diamond Affair. Diplomatic missions were downgraded to chargé d'affaires level and the number of Thai workers in Saudi Arabia plummeted.<ref name="The Nation"/> Saudi Arabia does not issue working visas for Thais and discourages its citizens from visiting the country.
  • On January 26, 2022, both countries announced they restored full diplomatic relations and would appoint ambassadors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Thailand has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Bangkok.
Template:Flag No formal diplomatic relations See Taiwan–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 12 May 1958 See Thailand–Turkey relations
  • Thailand has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto80">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bangkok.<ref name="auto80"/>
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.342 billion USD in 2018 (Thai exports/imports: 1.09/0.256 billion USD).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.<ref name="auto80"/>
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.<ref name="auto80"/>
Template:Flag 12 December 1975<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> See Thailand–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1975.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • The United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Bangkok.

Americas

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Flag 11 June 1999

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1999.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Flag 17 April 1959 Template:Further
Template:Flag 8 November 1961 Template:Further
Template:Flag 20 April 1979
Template:Flag 28 August 1975 Template:Main article
Template:Flag 10 November 1965 Template:Main

In 2009, Thailand and Peru signed a free trade agreement calling for elimination of tariffs on 70% of 5,000 items listed in the agreement. Thailand imports tin and fish from Peru. Peru imports auto parts, electrical appliances, and clothes from Thailand.<ref>Thailand, Peru Sign Free Trade Agreement, World Trade, December 2009, p. 14.</ref>

Template:Flag 20 March 1833 Template:Main article
File:Abhisit Vejjajiva with Obamas.jpg
Pimpen Vejjajiva, Michelle Obama, Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and U.S. President Barack Obama on 23 September 2009, in New York

Thailand has had relations with the United States since 1833. In 2003, the United States designated Thailand as a major non-NATO ally, which grants Thailand many financial and military benefits derived from the United States.

Europe

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Flag 7 July 1992
Template:Flag 7 July 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1992.<ref name="az">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand uses its embassy in Ankara, Turkey, to be responsible for Thai-Azerbaijani relations.<ref name="az" />
  • Thailand has an honorary consulate in Baku.
Template:Flag 10 August 1974
Template:Flag 9 September 1992
Template:Flag 5 May 1980
Template:Flag 21 May 1858 See Denmark–Thailand relations
  • Denmark is represented in Thailand through its embassy in Bangkok and an honorary consulate in Phuket.
  • Thailand is represented in Denmark through its embassy in Copenhagen.
Template:Flag Template:Dts See Foreign relations of Estonia
  • Thailand (then Siam) first recognised Estonia on 22 October 1921.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1992.
  • Estonia is represented in Thailand through its consulates in Bangkok and Phuket.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Thailand is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
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File:Asean flag flying at Royal Thai Embassy Helsinki.jpg
Royal Thai Embassy in Helsinki flying the Asean flag as well as own national flag.
Template:Flag 15 August 1856 See France–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 7 February 1862 See Germany–Thailand relations
File:Flaggen 3451 08.JPG
Flags of Thailand, Germany and Bavaria for the visit of prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra in Munich 2012
Template:Flag 26 May 1958
Template:Flag 24 October 1973
Template:KOS 22 November 2013 See Kosovo–Thailand relations
Template:Flag 1604 See Netherlands–Thailand relations
  • 1608 embassy to the Dutch Republic resulted in a treaty being concluded between the Republic and the kingdom of Siam in 1617.<ref>Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development, John Frank Cady, p.213</ref>
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Bangkok and an honorary consulate in Phuket.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Thailand has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Flag 10 February 1859 See Portugal-Thailand relations
Template:Flag 1 June 1973
Template:Flag See Thailand-Russia relations
File:Vladimir Putin at APEC Summit in Thailand 19-21 October 2003-8.jpg
President Putin with former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra before the start of the APEC Summit in 2003

The Soviet Union and Thailand established diplomatic relations with each other on 12 March 1941; Thailand recognised Russian Federation as the successor to Soviet Union on 28 December 1991. Russia has an embassy in Bangkok and two honorary consulates in Phuket and Pattaya. Thailand has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates in Saint Petersburg and Vladivostok.

Template:Flag 23 February 1870 See Spain-Thailand relations
Template:Flag 18 May 1868
File:Flags of Sweden and Thailand.jpg
Flags of Sweden and Thailand
Template:Flag 6 May 1992
Template:Flag 18 April 1855

After Burma lost the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) relations opened between the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam and the United Kingdom with a treaty of alliance in February 1826 and another treaty in June negotiated by East India Company emissary Henry Burney. This was followed by the Bowring Treaty of 1855 to liberalise trade. In 1893, Lord Lansdowne of the British Raj finalized the border between Burma and Siam; the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 then dissected the northern Malay states.

  • In 1917 the modern Siamese kingdom declared war on Germany during World War I, which secured it a seat at the Versailles Peace Conference. Foreign Minister Devawongse Varopakarn used this as an opportunity to argue for the repeal of the 19th century treaties and restoration of full Siamese sovereignty. While Britain and France delayed until 1925, the United States obliged in 1920. Following the outbreak of World War II, relations with Britain, France and the United States deteriorated rapidly – though former Queen Rambai Barni was nominal head of the Seri Thai resistance movement in Great Britain. Japan allowed Thailand to resume sovereignty over the sultanates of northern Malaya that had been lost in the 1909 treaty with Britain, and to invade and annex the Shan States in northern Burma. After the Japanese surrender, Allied military responsibility for Thailand fell to the British, who favoured treating the kingdom as a defeated enemy. Americans, however, supported Thailand's new government; during the Cold War relations with the United Kingdom took a back seat to those with the United States.

Oceania

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
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See also

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References

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Further reading

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  • Busbarat, Pongphisoot. "Thailand's foreign policy towards neighbouring countries and ASEAN." in Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Thailand (Routledge, 2019) pp. 431–446.
  • Chachavalpongpun, Pavin. Reinventing Thailand: Thaksin and his foreign policy (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010).
  • Chambers, Paul, and Poowin Bunyavejchewin. "Thailand's foreign economic policy toward mainland Southeast Asia." (2019). online Template:Webarchive
  • Guan, Ang Cheng. Southeast Asia's cold war: An interpretive history (U of Hawaii Press, 2018).
  • Klein, Ira. "Salisbury, Rosebery, and the Survival of Siam." Journal of British Studies 8.1 (1968): 119-139. in 1890s
  • Phuangkasem, Corrine. Thailand's Foreign Relations: 1964-80 (Brookfield Publishing Company, 1984).
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  • Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua. Thai-Malay relations: traditional intra-regional relations from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries (Oxford University Press, USA, 1988).
  • Theeravit, Khien. "Thailand: An Overview of Politics and Foreign Relations." Southeast Asian Affairs (1979): 299-311. online
  • Theeravit, Khien. "Thai-Kampuchean Relations: Problems and Prospects." Asian Survey, 22#6 1982, pp. 561–576. online for Cambodia
  • Zawacki, Benjamin. Thailand: Shifting ground between the U.S. and a rising China (2nd ed. . Bloomsbury, 2021).
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