Slavoj Žižek

Slavoj Žižek (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:IPA; born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian Marxist philosopher, cultural theorist and public intellectual.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

He is the international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities at the University of London, Global Distinguished Professor of German at New York University, professor of philosophy and psychoanalysis at the European Graduate School and senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He primarily works on continental philosophy (particularly Hegelianism, psychoanalysis and Marxism) and political theory, as well as film criticism and theology.

Žižek is the most famous associate of the Ljubljana School of Psychoanalysis, a group of Slovenian academics working on German idealism, Lacanian psychoanalysis, ideology critique, and media criticism. His breakthrough work was 1989's The Sublime Object of Ideology, his first book in English, which was decisive in the introduction of the Ljubljana School's thought to English-speaking audiences. He has written over 50 books in multiple languages and speaks Slovene, Serbo-Croatian,<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> English, German,<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> and French.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The idiosyncratic style of his public appearances, frequent magazine op-eds, and academic works, characterised by the use of obscene jokes and pop cultural examples, as well as politically incorrect provocations, have gained him fame, controversy and criticism both in and outside academia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Life and career

Early life

Žižek was born in Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, Yugoslavia, into a middle-class family.<ref name="mladina.si">Template:Cite web</ref> His father Jože Žižek was an economist and civil servant from the region of Prekmurje in eastern Slovenia. His mother Vesna, a native of the Gorizia Hills in the Slovenian Littoral, was an accountant in a state enterprise. His parents were atheists.<ref>Slovenski biografski leksikon (Ljubljana: SAZU, 1991), XV. edition</ref> He spent most of his childhood in the coastal town of Portorož, where he was exposed to Western film, theory and popular culture.<ref name="iep.utm.edu"/><ref name=slovenskapomlad>Template:Cite web</ref> When Žižek was a teenager his family moved back to Ljubljana where he attended Bežigrad High School.<ref name=slovenskapomlad/> Originally wanting to become a filmmaker himself, he abandoned these ambitions and chose to pursue philosophy instead.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Education

In 1967, during an era of liberalization in Titoist Yugoslavia, Žižek enrolled at the University of Ljubljana and studied philosophy and sociology.<ref name="lacan.com">Tony Meyers Slavoj Zizek - His Life Template:Webarchive lacan.com, from: Slavoj Zizek, London: Routledge, 2003.</ref>

Žižek had already begun reading French structuralists prior to entering university, and in 1967 he published the first translation of a text by Jacques Derrida into Slovenian.<ref name="mladina.si 42">Template:Cite web</ref> Žižek frequented the circles of dissident intellectuals, including the Heideggerian philosophers Tine Hribar and Ivo Urbančič,<ref name="mladina.si 42"/> and published articles in alternative magazines, such as Praxis, Tribuna and Problemi, which he also edited.<ref name=slovenskapomlad/> In 1971 he accepted a job as an assistant researcher with the promise of tenure, but was dismissed after his Master's thesis was denounced by the authorities as being "non-Marxist".<ref name="p37">Žižek's response to the article "Če sem v kaj resnično zaljubljena, sem v življenje Sobotna priloga Dela, p. 37 (19.1. 2008)</ref> He graduated from the University of Ljubljana in 1981 with a Doctor of Arts in Philosophy for his dissertation entitled The Theoretical and Practical Relevance of French Structuralism.<ref name="lacan.com"/> He spent the next few years in what was described as "professional wilderness", also fulfilling his legal duty of undertaking a year-long national service in the Yugoslav People's Army in Karlovac.<ref name="lacan.com"/>

Academic career

During the 1980s, Žižek edited and translated Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud, and Louis Althusser.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He used Lacan's work to interpret Hegelian and Marxist philosophy.Template:Citation needed

In 1986, Žižek completed a second doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy in psychoanalysis) at the University of Paris VIII under Jacques-Alain Miller, entitled "La philosophie entre le symptôme et le fantasme".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Žižek wrote the introduction to Slovene translations of G. K. Chesterton's and John le Carré's detective novels.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1988, he published his first book dedicated entirely to film theory, Pogled s strani.<ref>Pogled s strani at worldcat.org</ref> The following year, he achieved international recognition as a social theorist with the 1989 publication of his first book in English, The Sublime Object of Ideology.<ref name="Britannica">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="iep.utm.edu">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Žižek has been publishing in journals such as Lacanian Ink and In These Times in the United States, the New Left Review and The London Review of Books in the United Kingdom, and with the Slovenian left-liberal magazine Mladina and newspapers Dnevnik and Delo. He also cooperates with the Polish leftist magazine Krytyka Polityczna, regional southeast European left-wing journal Novi Plamen, and serves on the editorial board of the psychoanalytical journal Problemi.<ref name="Editorial Staff - Problemi International">Template:Cite web</ref> Žižek is a series editor of the Northwestern University Press series Diaeresis that publishes works that "deal not only with philosophy, but also will intervene at the levels of ideology critique, politics, and art theory".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2012, Foreign Policy listed Žižek on its list of Top 100 Global Thinkers, calling him "a celebrity philosopher",<ref name="The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers">Template:Cite web</ref> while elsewhere he has been dubbed the "Elvis of cultural theory"<ref name="Zizek Journal">Template:Cite web</ref> and "the most dangerous philosopher in the West".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Žižek has been called "the leading Hegelian of our time",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and "the foremost exponent of Lacanian theory".<ref>McGowan, Todd (2013). "Hegel as Marxist: Žižek's Revision of German Idealism." In Žižek Now: Current Perspectives in Žižek Studies. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 42.</ref> A journal, the International Journal of Žižek Studies, was founded by professors David J. Gunkel and Paul A. Taylor to engage with his work.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Political career

In the late 1980s, Žižek came to public attention as a columnist for the alternative youth magazine Mladina, which was critical of Tito's policies, Yugoslav politics, especially the militarization of society. He was a member of the League of Communists of Slovenia until October 1988, when he quit in protest against the JBTZ trial together with 32 other Slovenian intellectuals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Between 1988 and 1990, he was actively involved in several political and civil society movements which fought for the democratization of Slovenia, most notably the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the first free elections in 1990, he ran as the Liberal Democratic Party's candidate for the former four-person collective presidency of Slovenia.<ref name="Britannica"/>

Žižek is a member of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25) founded in 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Public life

File:Slavoj Žižek 2011.jpg

Žižek speaking in 2011

In 2003, Žižek wrote text to accompany Bruce Weber's photographs in a catalog for Abercrombie & Fitch. Questioned as to the seemliness of a major intellectual writing ad copy, Žižek told The Boston Globe, "If I were asked to choose between doing things like this to earn money and becoming fully employed as an American academic, kissing ass to get a tenured post, I would with pleasure choose writing for such journals!"<ref>Glenn, Joshua. "The Examined Life: Enjoy Your Chinos!", The Boston Globe. 6 July 2003. H2.</ref>

Žižek and his thought have been the subject of several documentaries. The 1996 Liebe Dein Symptom wie Dich selbst! is a German documentary on him. In the 2004 The Reality of the Virtual, Žižek gave an hour-long lecture on his interpretation of Lacan's tripartite thesis of the imaginary, the symbolic, and the real.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Zizek! is a 2005 documentary by Astra Taylor on his philosophy. The 2006 The Pervert's Guide to Cinema and 2012 The Pervert's Guide to Ideology also portray Žižek's ideas and cultural criticism. Examined Life (2008) features Žižek speaking about his conception of ecology at a garbage dump. He was also featured in the 2011 Marx Reloaded, directed by Jason Barker.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Foreign Policy named Žižek one of its 2012 Top 100 Global Thinkers "for giving voice to an era of absurdity".<ref name="The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers"/>

In 2019, Žižek began hosting a mini-series called How to Watch the News with Slavoj Žižek on the RT network.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In April, Žižek debated psychology professor Jordan Peterson at the Sony Centre in Toronto, Canada over happiness under capitalism versus Marxism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Personal life

Žižek has been married four times and has two adult sons, Tim and Kostja. His second wife was Slovene philosopher and socio-legal theorist Renata Salecl, fellow member of the Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His third wife was Argentinian model and Lacanian scholar Analia Hounie, whom he married in 2005.<ref>Template:Cite web; Template:Cite web</ref> Currently, he is married to Slovene journalist, author and philosopher, Jela Krečič.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In early 2018, Žižek experienced Bell's palsy on the right side of his face. He went on to give several lectures and interviews with this condition; on March 9 of that year, during a lecture on political revolutions in London, he commented on the treatment he had been receiving, and used his paralysis as a metaphor for political idleness.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Aside from his native Slovene, Žižek is a fluent speaker of Serbo-Croatian, French, German and English.<ref>Ippolit Belinski (30 June 2017). "Slavoj Žižek - A plea for bureaucratic socialism (June 2017)." Template:Webarchive Youtube.com. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</ref>

Taste

In the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll, Žižek listed his 10 favourite films: 3:10 to Yuma, Dune, The Fountainhead, Hero, Hitman, Nightmare Alley, On Dangerous Ground, Opfergang, The Sound of Music, and We the Living. On this list, he clarified: "I opted for pure madness: the list contains only 'guilty pleasures'".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In his tour of The Criterion Collection closet, he chose Trouble in Paradise, Sweet Smell of Success, Picnic at Hanging Rock, Murmur of the Heart, The Joke, The Ice Storm, Great Expectations, Roberto Rossellini's History Films, City Lights, a box set of Carl Theodor Dreyer's films, Y tu mamá también and Antichrist.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In an article called "My Favourite Classics", Žižek states that Arnold Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder is the piece of music he would take to a desert island. He goes on to list other favourites, including Beethoven's Fidelio, Schubert's Winterreise, Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina and Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore. He expresses a particular love for Wagner, particularly Das Rheingold and Parsifal. He ranks Schoenberg over Stravinsky, and insists on Eisler's importance among Schoenberg's followers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Žižek often lists Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett and Andrei Platonov as his "three absolute masters of 20th-century literature".<ref name="webchat">Template:Cite web</ref> He ranks/prefers Varlam Shalamov over Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Marina Tsvetaeva and Osip Mandelstam over Anna Akhmatova,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Daphne du Maurier over Virginia Woolf, and Samuel Beckett over James Joyce.<ref name="webchat"/> His theories have been applied to studying a variety of literature, including Finnegans Wake.<ref>Frazer, Michael. "Closer to Consciousness: Waking as the Žižekian Event in" Finnegans Wake"." James Joyce Quarterly (2015): 95-110.</ref>

Thought and positions

Žižek and his thought have been described by many commentators as "Hegelo-Lacanian".<ref name="Humphreys" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In his early career, Žižek claimed "a theoretical space moulded by three centres of gravity: Hegelian dialectics, Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, and contemporary criticism of ideology", designating "the theory of Jacques Lacan" as the fundamental element.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2010, Žižek instead claimed that for him Hegel is more fundamental than Lacan—"Even Lacan is just a tool for me to read Hegel. For me, always it is Hegel, Hegel, Hegel."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>—while in 2019, he claimed that "For me, in some sense, all of philosophy happened in [the] fifty years" between Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and the death of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1831).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Alongside his academic, theoretical works, Žižek is a prolific commentator on current affairs and contemporary political debates.

Subjectivity

For Žižek, although a subject may take on a symbolic (social) position, it can never be reduced to this attempted symbolisation, since the very "taking on" of this position implies a separate 'I', beyond the symbolic, that does the taking on. Yet, under scrutiny, nothing positive can be said about this subject, this 'I', that eludes symbolisation; it cannot be discerned as anything but "that which cannot be symbolised". Thus, without the initial, attempted, failed symbolisation, subjectivity cannot present itself. As Žižek writes in his first book in English: "the subject of the signifier is a retroactive effect of the failure of its own representation; that is why the failure of representation is the only way to represent it adequately."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Žižek attributes this position on the subject to Hegel, particularly his description of man as "the night of the world",<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and to Lacan, with his description of the barred, split subject, who he sees as developing the Cartesian notion of the cogito.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Žižek, these thinkers, in insisting on the role of the subject, run counter to "culturalist" or "historicist" positions held by thinkers such as Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault, which posit that "subjects" are bound by and reducible to their historical/cultural(/symbolic) context.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Political theory

Ideology

Žižek's Lacanian-informed theory of ideology is one of his major contributions to political theory; his first book in English, The Sublime Object of Ideology, and the documentary The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, in which he stars, are among the well-known places in which it is discussed. Žižek believes that ideology has been frequently misinterpreted as dualistic and, according to him, this misinterpreted dualism posits that there is a real world of material relations and objects outside of oneself, which is accessible to reason.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

For Žižek, as for Marx, ideology is made up of fictions that structure political life; in Lacan's terms, ideology belongs to the symbolic order. Žižek argues that these fictions are primarily maintained at an unconscious level, rather than a conscious one. Since, according to psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious can determine one's actions directly, bypassing one's conscious awareness (as in parapraxes), ideology can be expressed in one's behaviour, regardless of one's conscious beliefs. Hence, Žižek breaks with orthodox Marxist accounts that view ideology purely as a system of mistaken beliefs (see False consciousness). Drawing on Peter Sloterdijk's Critique of Cynical Reason, Žižek argues that adopting a cynical perspective is not enough to escape ideology, since, according to Žižek, even though postmodern subjects are consciously cynical about the political situation, they continue to reinforce it through their behaviour.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Freedom

Žižek claims that (a sense of) political freedom is sustained by a deeper unfreedom, at least under liberal capitalism. In a 2002 article, Žižek endorses Lenin's distinction between formal and actual freedom, claiming that liberal society only contains formal freedom, "freedom of choice within the coordinates of the existing power relations", while prohibiting actual freedom, "the site of an intervention that undermines these very coordinates."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In an oft-quoted passage from a book published in the same year, he writes that, in these conditions of liberal censorship, "we 'feel free' because we lack the very language to articulate our unfreedom".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In a 2019 article, he writes that Marx "made a valuable point with his claim that the market economy combines in a unique way political and personal freedom with social unfreedom: personal freedom (freely selling myself on the market) is the very form of my unfreedom."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, in 2014, he rejects the "pseudo-Marxist" total derision of 'formal freedom', claiming that it is necessary for critique: "When we are formally free, only then we become aware how limited this freedom actually is."<ref name="webchat"/>

Žižek co-signed a petition condemning the "use of disproportionate force and retaliatory brutality by the Hong Kong Police against students in university campuses in Hong Kong" during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. The petition concludes with the statement: "We believe the defence of academic freedom, the freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and association, and the responsibility to protect the safety of our students are universal causes common to all."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Theology

Žižek has asserted that "Atheism is a legacy worth fighting for" in The New York Times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, he nonetheless finds extensive conceptual value in Christianity, particularly Protestantism: the subtitle of his 2000 book The Fragile Absolute is "Or, Why Is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For?". Hence, he labels his position 'Christian Atheism',<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and has written about theology at length.<ref>See his The Fragile Absolute, The Monstrosity of Christ, The Puppet and the Dwarf, and On Belief.</ref>

In The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, Žižek suggests that "the only way to be an Atheist is through Christianity", since, he claims, atheism often fails to escape the religious paradigm by remaining faithful to an external guarantor of meaning, simply switching God for natural necessity or evolution. Christianity, on the other hand, in the doctrine of the incarnation, brings God down from the 'beyond' and onto earth, into human affairs; for Žižek, this paradigm is more authentically godless, since the external guarantee is abolished.<ref>Fiennes, Sophie (dir.). (2012). The Pervert's Guide to Ideology. London: P Guide Productions.</ref>

Communism

Although sometimes adopting the title of 'radical leftist',<ref name="http">Template:Cite web</ref> Žižek also controversially insists on identifying as a communist, even though he rejects 20th century communism as a "total failure", and decries "the communism of the 20th century, more specifically all the network of phenomena we refer to as Stalinism as "maybe the worst ideological, political, ethical, social (and so on) catastrophe in the history of humanity."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Žižek justifies this choice by claiming that only the term 'communism' signals a genuine step outside of the existing order, in part since the term 'socialism' no longer has radical enough implications, and means nothing more than that one "care[s] for society."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In Marx Reloaded, Žižek rejects both 20th-century totalitarianism and "spontaneous local self-organisation, direct democracy, councils, and so on". There, he endorses a definition of communism as "a society where you, everyone would be allowed to dwell in his or her stupidity", an idea with which he credits Fredric Jameson as the inspiration.<ref>Barker, Josef (dir.) (2011). Marx Reloaded.</ref>

Žižek has labelled himself a "communist in a qualified sense"<ref name="democracynow.org">Democracy Now! television program online transcript Template:Webarchive, 11 March 2008.</ref> and as a "moderately conservative Communist".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> When he spoke at a conference on The Idea of Communism, he applied (in qualified form) the 'communist' label to the Occupy Wall Street protestors: Template:Blockquote

Electoral politics

In May 2013, during Subversive Festival, Žižek commented: "If they don't support SYRIZA, then, in my vision of the democratic future, all these people will get from me [is] a first-class one-way ticket to [a] gulag." In response, the center-right New Democracy party claimed Žižek's comments should be understood literally, not ironically.<ref name="Mionis interview">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Just before the 2017 French presidential election, Žižek stated that one could not choose between Macron and Le Pen, arguing that the neoliberalism of Macron just gives rise to neofascism anyway. This was in response to many on the left calling for support for Macron to prevent a Le Pen victory.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2022, Žižek expressed his support for the Slovenian political party Levica (The Left) at its 5th annual conference.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Support for Donald Trump's election

In a 2016 interview with Channel 4, Žižek said that were he American, he would vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election: Template:Blockquote

These views were derisively characterised as accelerationist by Left Voice,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and were labelled "regressive" by Noam Chomsky.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2019 and 2020, Žižek defended his views,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> saying that Trump's election "created, for the first time in I don't know how many decades, a true American left", citing the boost it gave Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.<ref name=Humphreys>Template:Cite web</ref>

However, regarding the 2020 United States presidential election, Žižek reported himself "tempted by changing his position", saying "Trump is a little too much".<ref name=Humphreys/> In another interview, he stood by his 2016 "wager" that Trump's election would lead to a socialist reaction ("maybe I was right"), but claimed that "now with coronavirus: no, no—no Trump. ... difficult as it is for me to say this, but now I would say 'Biden better than Trump', although he is far from ideal."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In his 2022 book, Heaven in Disorder, Žižek continued to express a preference for Joe Biden over Donald Trump, stating "Trump was corroding the ethical substance of our lives", while Biden lies and represents big capital more politely.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Social issues

Žižek's views on social issues such as Eurocentrism, immigration and LGBT people have drawn criticism and accusations of bigotry.<ref name="Žižek, Antagonism and Politics Now">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Europe and multiculturalism

In his 1997 article 'Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism', Žižek critiqued multiculturalism for privileging a culturally 'neutral' perspective from which all cultures are disaffectedly apprehended in their particularity because this distancing reproduces the racist procedure of Othering. He further argues that a fixation on particular identities and struggles corresponds to an abandonment of the universal struggle against global capitalism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In his 1998 article 'A Leftist Plea for "Eurocentrism"', he argued that Leftists should 'undermine the global empire of capital, not by asserting particular identities, but through the assertion of a new universality',<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and that in this struggle the European universalist value of egaliberte (Etienne Balibar's term) should be foregrounded, proposing 'a Leftist appropriation of the European legacy'.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Elsewhere, he has also argued, defending Marx, that Europe's destruction of non-European tradition (e.g. through imperialism and slavery) has opened up the space for a 'double liberation', both from tradition and from European domination.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In her 2010 article 'The Two Zizeks', Nivedita Menon criticised Žižek for focusing on differentiation as a colonial project, ignoring how assimilation was also such a project; she also critiqued him for privileging the European Enlightenment Christian legacy as neutral, 'free of the cultural markers that fatally afflict all other religions.'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> David Pavón Cuéllar, closer to Žižek, also criticised him.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the mid-2010s, over the issue of Eurocentrism, there was a dispute between Žižek and Walter Mignolo, in which Mignolo (supporting a previous article by Hamid Dabashi,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which argued against the centrality of European philosophers like Žižek, criticised by Michael Marder<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) argued, against Žižek, that decolonial struggle should forget European philosophy, purportedly following Frantz Fanon;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in response, Žižek pointed out Fanon's European intellectual influences, and his resistance to being confined within the black tradition, and claimed to be following Fanon on this point.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In his book Can Non-Europeans Think? (foreworded by Mignolo), Dabashi also critiqued Žižek for privileging Europe;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Žižek argued that Dabashi slanderously and comically misrepresents him through misattribution,<ref name="A Reply to My Critics">Template:Cite web</ref> a critique supported by Ilan Kapoor.<ref name="Žižek, Antagonism and Politics Now"/>

Transgender issues

In his 2016 article "The Sexual Is Political", Žižek argued that all subjects are, like transgender subjects, in discord with the sexual position assigned to them. For Žižek, any attempt to escape this antagonism is false and utopian: thus, he rejects both the reactionary attempt to violently impose sexual fixity and the "postgenderist" attempt to escape sexual fixity entirely; he aligns the latter with 'transgenderism', which he claims does not adequately describe the behaviour of actual transgender subjects, who seek a stable "place where they could recognise themselves" (e.g., a bathroom that confirms their identity). Žižek argues for a third bathroom: a "GENERAL GENDER" bathroom that would represent the fact that both sexual positions (Žižek insists on the unavoidable "twoness" of the sexual landscape) are missing something and thus fail to adequately represent the subjects that take them on.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In his 2019 article "Transgender dogma is naive and incompatible with Freud", Žižek argued that there is "a tension in LGBT+ ideology between social constructivism and (some kind of biological) determinism", between the idea that gender is a social construct, and the idea that gender is essential and pre-social. He concludes the essay with a "Freudian solution" to this deadlock: Template:Blockquote

Che Gossett criticized Žižek for his use of the "pathologising" term "transgenderism" throughout the 2016 article, and for writing "about trans subjectivity with such assumed authority while ignoring the voices of trans theorists (academics and activists) entirely", as well as for purportedly claiming that a "futuristic" vision underlies so-called "transgenderism", ignoring present-day oppression.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sam Warren Miell and Chris Coffman, both psychoanalytically inclined, have separately criticized Žižek for conflating transgenderism and postgenderism; Miell further criticised the 2014 article for rehearsing homophobic/transphobic clichés (including Žižek's designation of inter-species marriage as a possible "anti-discriminatory demand"), and misusing Lacanian theory; Coffman argued that Žižek should have engaged with contemporary Lacanian trans studies, which would have shown that psychoanalytic and transgender discourses were aligned, not opposed.<ref>Template:Cite web; Template:Cite book</ref> In response to the title of the 2019 article, McKenzie Wark had t-shirts made with the transgender flag and "Incompatible with Freud" printed on them.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Žižek defended his 2016 article in two follow-up pieces. The first addresses purported misreadings of his position,<ref name="A Reply to My Critics"/> while the second is a more sustained defence (against Miell) of the article's application of Lacanian theory,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to which Miell responded in turn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Douglas Lain also defended Žižek, claiming that context makes it clear that Žižek is "not opposed [to] the struggle of LGBTQ people" but is instead critiquing "a phony liberal ideology that set up the terms of the LGBTQ struggle", "a certain utopian postmodern ideology that seeks to eliminate all limits, to eliminate all binaries, to go beyond norms because the imposition of a limit is patriarchal and oppressive."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In a 2023 piece for Compact Magazine, Žižek took a hard stance against access to puberty blockers for trans youth, and against trans adults being sent to prisons matching their gender, citing the case of Isla Bryson, whom he referred to as "a person who identifies itself as a woman using its penis to rape two women". Both of these things were attributed by Žižek to wokeness (the wider subject of the article).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Other

Žižek wrote that the convention center in which nationalist Slovene writers hold their conventions should be blown up, adding, "Since we live in the time without any sense of irony, I must add I don't mean it literally."<ref name="Interview_part_two">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2013, Žižek corresponded with imprisoned Russian activist and Pussy Riot member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova.<ref name="Guardian, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova of Pussy Riot's prison letters to Slavoj Žižek">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Blockquote

He criticized Western military interventions in developing countries and wrote that it was the 2011 military intervention in Libya "which threw the country in chaos" and the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq "which created the conditions for the rise" of the Islamic State.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Žižek believes that China is the combination of capitalism and authoritarianism in their extreme forms, and the Chinese Communist Party is the best protector of the interests of capitalists. From the Cultural Revolution to Deng's reforms, "Mao himself created the ideological condition for rapid capitalist development by tearing apart the fabric of traditional society."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Blockquote

In an opinion article for The Guardian, Žižek argued in favour of giving full support to Ukraine after the Russian invasion and for creating a stronger NATO in response to Russian aggression,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> later arguing that it would also be a tragedy for Ukraine to yoke itself to western neoliberalism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Commenting on the meeting between Presidents Trump and Zelenskyy in February 2025, he stated, "Ukrainians are being portrayed as if they could choose peace but instead decide to engage in a war that displaces a quarter of their population, just for the sake of a proxy war. But in reality, it’s a matter of their survival." He compared the struggle of Ukraine against its occupiers to the Palestinians' struggle against the Israeli occupation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After the October 7th Hamas-led attacks in Israel, Zizek wrote:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In April 2024, Žižek criticized Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip, arguing that Israel's true goal, disguised under claims of eliminating Hamas, was to annex both Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Criticism and controversy

Inconsistency and ambiguity

Žižek's philosophical and political positions have been described as ambiguous, and his work has been criticized for a failure to take a consistent stance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While he has claimed to stand by a revolutionary Marxist project, his lack of vision concerning the possible circumstances which could lead to successful revolution makes it unclear what that project consists of. According to John Gray and John Holbo, his theoretical argument often lacks grounding in historical fact, which makes him more provocative than insightful.<ref name="ViolentVisions">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Holbo-2004>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Holbo-CT-2010>Template:Cite news</ref>

In a very negative review of Žižek's book Less than Nothing, John Gray attacked Žižek for his celebrations of violence, his failure to ground his theories in historical facts, and his 'formless radicalism' which, according to Gray, professes to be communist yet lacks the conviction that communism could ever be successfully realized. Gray concluded that Žižek's work, though entertaining, is intellectually worthless: "Achieving a deceptive substance by endlessly reiterating an essentially empty vision, Žižek's work amounts in the end to less than nothing."<ref name="ViolentVisions"/>

Žižek's refusal to present an alternative vision has led critics to accuse him of using unsustainable Marxist categories of analysis and having a 19th-century understanding of class.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For example, post-Marxist Ernesto Laclau argued that "Žižek uses class as a sort of deus ex machina to play the role of the good guy against the multicultural devils."<ref>Butler, Judith, Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Žižek Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left. Verso. London, New York City 2000. pp. 202–206</ref>

In his book Living in the End Times, Žižek suggests that the criticism of his positions is itself ambiguous and multilateral:

Stylistic confusion

Žižek has been criticized for his chaotic and non-systematic style: Harpham calls Žižek's style "a stream of nonconsecutive units arranged in arbitrary sequences that solicit a sporadic and discontinuous attention".<ref>Harpham "Doing the Impossible: Slavoj Žižek and the End of Knowledge" Template:Webarchive</ref> O'Neill concurs: "a dizzying array of wildly entertaining and often quite maddening rhetorical strategies are deployed in order to beguile, browbeat, dumbfound, dazzle, confuse, mislead, overwhelm, and generally subdue the reader into acceptance."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Noam Chomsky deems Žižek guilty of "using fancy terms like polysyllables and pretending you have a theory when you have no theory whatsoever", adding that his views are often too obscure to be communicated usefully to common people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Conservative thinker Roger Scruton claims that: Template:Blockquote

Careless scholarship

Žižek has been accused of approaching phenomena without rigour, reductively forcing them to support pre-given theoretical notions. For example, Tania Modleski alleges that "in trying to make Hitchcock 'fit' Lacan, he [Žižek] frequently ends up simplifying what goes on in the films".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Similarly, Yannis Stavrakakis criticises Žižek's reading of Antigone, claiming it proceeds without regard for both the play itself and the interpretation, given by Lacan in his 7th Seminar, which Žižek claims to follow. According to Stavrakakis, Žižek mistakenly characterises Antigone's act (illegally burying her brother) as politically radical/revolutionary, when in reality "Her act is a one-off and she couldn't care less about what will happen in the polis after her suicide."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Noah Horwitz alleges that Žižek (and the Ljubljana School to which Žižek belongs) mistakenly conflates the insights of Lacan and Hegel, and registers concern that such a move "risks transforming Lacanian psychoanalysis into a discourse of self-consciousness rather than a discourse on the psychoanalytic, Freudian unconscious."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Allegations of plagiarism

Žižek's tendency to recycle portions of his own texts in subsequent works resulted in the accusation of self-plagiarism by The New York Times in 2014, after Žižek published an op-ed in the magazine which contained portions of his writing from an earlier book.<ref name="Newsweek">Template:Cite web</ref> In response, Žižek expressed perplexity at the harsh tone of the denunciation, emphasizing that the recycled passages in question only acted as references from his theoretical books to supplement otherwise original writing.<ref name="Newsweek"/>

In July 2014, Newsweek reported that online bloggers led by Steve Sailer had discovered that in an article published in 2006, Žižek plagiarized long passages from an earlier review by Stanley Hornbeck that first appeared in the journal American Renaissance, a publication condemned by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the organ of a "white nationalist hate group".<ref name="American_Renaissance_Plagiarism">Template:Cite web</ref> In response to the allegations, Žižek stated: Template:Blockquote

Works

Filmography

Year	Title
1993	Laibach: A Film From Slovenia
1996	Liebe Dein Symptom wie Dich selbst!
	Predictions of Fire
1997	Post-Socialism+Retro Avantgarde+Irwin
2004	The Reality of the Virtual
2005	Zizek!
2006	The Pervert's Guide to Cinema
	The Possibility of Hope
2008	Examined Life
	Violence<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2009	Terror! Robespierre and the French Revolution
	Alien, Marx & Co. - Slavoj Žižek, Ein Porträt
2011	Marx Reloaded
2012	Catastroika
	The Pervert's Guide to Ideology
2013	Balkan Spirit
2016	Risk
	Houston, We Have a Problem!
2018	Turn On (short)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2021	Bliss

External links

• Slavoj Žižek on Big Think
• Slavoj Žižek Faculty Page at European Graduate School
• Žižek's entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Žižek bibliography at Lacanian Ink magazine
• Column archive at The Guardian
• Column archive at Jacobin
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• Wendy Brown, Costas Douzinas, Stephen Frosh, and Žižek at the London Critical Theory Summer School – Friday Debate 2012 Template:Webarchive
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• Template:Substack handle