The company sells infrastructure, software, and services in information and communications technology for telecommunications service providers and enterprises, including, among others, cellular 4G and 5G equipment, and Internet Protocol (IP) and optical transport systems. The company employs around 100,000 people and operates in more than 180 countries.<ref name="about">Template:Cite web</ref> The company is listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm under the ticker symbols ERIC.A and ERIC.B and on the American Nasdaq under the ticker symbol ERIC.
The company was founded in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson<ref name="history">Template:Cite web</ref> and is jointly controlled by the Wallenberg family through its holding company Investor AB, and the universal bank Handelsbanken through its investment company Industrivärden. The Wallenbergs and the Handelsbanken sphere acquired their voting-strong A-shares, and thus the control of Ericsson, after the fall of the Kreuger empire in the early 1930s.<ref name="ownership_over_the_years">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ownership_after_kreuger_crash">Template:Cite web</ref>
Lars Magnus Ericsson began his association with telephones in his youth as an instrument maker. He worked for a firm that made telegraph equipment for the Swedish government agency Telegrafverket. In 1876, at the age of 30, he started a telegraph repair shop with help from his friend Carl Johan Andersson in central Stockholm and repaired foreign-made telephones. In 1878, Ericsson began making and selling his own telephone equipment. His telephones were not technically innovative. In 1878, he agreed to supply telephones and switchboards to Sweden's first telecommunications operating company, Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag.<ref name="history" />
As production grew in the late 1890s, and the Swedish market seemed to be reaching saturation, Ericsson expanded into foreign markets through a number of agents. The UK (Ericsson Telephones Ltd.) and Russia were early markets, where factories were later established to improve the chances of gaining local contracts and augment the output of the Swedish factory. In the UK, the National Telephone Company was a major customer; by 1897 sold 28% of its output in the UK. The Nordic countries were also Ericsson customers; they were encouraged by the growth of telephone services in Sweden.<ref name="history" />
Other countries and colonies were exposed to Ericsson products through the influence of their parent countries. These included Australia and New Zealand, which by the late 1890s were Ericsson's largest non-European markets. Mass production techniques were now firmly established; telephones were losing some of their ornate finish and decoration.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Despite their successes elsewhere, Ericsson did not make significant sales in the United States. AT&T’s Western Electric Company (via the Bell System), Kellogg and Automatic Electric dominated the market. Ericsson eventually sold its U.S. assets. Sales in Mexico led to inroads into South American countries. South Africa and China were also generating significant sales. With his company now multinational, Lars Ericsson stepped down from the company in 1901.
Ericsson ignored the growth of automatic telephony in the United States and concentrated on manual exchange designs. Their first dial telephone was produced in 1921, although sales of the early automatic switching systems were slow until the equipment had proven itself on the world's markets. Telephones of this period had a simpler design and finish, and many of the early automatic desk telephones in Ericsson's catalogues were magneto styles with a dial on the front and appropriate changes to the electronics. Elaborate decals decorated the cases.<ref name="history" /> World War I, the subsequent Great Depression and the loss of its Russian assets after the Revolution slowed the company's development while sales to other countries fell by about half.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The acquisition of other telecommunications companies put pressure on Ericsson's finances; in 1925, Karl Fredric Wincrantz took control of the company by acquiring most of the shares. Wincrantz was partly funded by Ivar Kreuger, an international financier. The company was renamed Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson. Kreuger started showing interest in the company, being a major owner of Wincrantz holding companies.<ref name="history" />
Ericsson was saved from bankruptcy and closure with the help of banks including Stockholms Enskilda Bank (now Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken) and other Swedish investment banks controlled by the Wallenberg family, and some Swedish government backing. Marcus Wallenberg Jr. negotiated a deal with several Swedish banks to rebuild Ericsson financially. The banks gradually increased their possession of LM Ericsson "A" shares, while International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT) was still the largest shareholder. In 1960, the Wallenberg family bought ITT's shares in Ericsson, and has since controlled the company.<ref name="history" />
File:Ericsson bakelittelefon 1931 sv.jpgThe Ericsson DBH1001 (1931) was the first combined telephone set with a housing and handset made from Bakelite. The design is attributed to Jean Heiberg.File:Ericsson 1950s bakelite telephone.jpgThe Ericsson DBH15 telephone, a successor of the DBH 1001 and redesigned in 1947 by Gerard Kiljan
In the 1920s and 1930s, the world telephone markets were being organized and stabilized by many governments. The fragmented town-by-town systems serviced by small, private companies that had evolved were integrated and offered for lease to a single company. Ericsson obtained some leases, which represented further sales of equipment to the growing networks. Ericsson got almost one-third of its sales under the control of its telephone operating companies.<ref name="history" />
Ericsson introduced the world's first fully automatic mobile telephone system, MTA, in 1956.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It released one of the world's first hands-free speaker telephones in the 1960s. In 1954, it released the Ericofon. Ericsson crossbar switching equipment was used in telephone administrations in many countries.<ref name="The Economist 1964 p. 1028">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1983 the company introduced the ERIPAX suite of network products and services.
In the 1990s, during the emergence of the Internet, Ericsson was regarded as slow to realize its potential and falling behind in the area of IP technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> But the company had established an Internet project in 1995 called Infocom Systems to exploit opportunities leading from fixed-line telecom and IT. CEO Lars Ramqvist wrote in the 1996 annual report that in all three of its business areas – Mobile Telephones and Terminals, Mobile Systems, and Infocom Systems – "we will expand our operations as they relate to customer service and Internet Protocol (IP) access (Internet and intranet access)".<ref name="ericsson.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
The growth of GSM, which became a de facto world standard, combined with Ericsson's other mobile standards, such as D-AMPS and PDC, meant that by the start of 1997, Ericsson had an estimated 40% share of the world's mobile market, with around 54 million subscribers. There were also around 188 million AXE lines in place or on order in 117 countries.<ref name="ericsson.com" /> Telecom and chip companies worked in the 1990s to provide Internet access over mobile telephones. Early versions such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) used packet data over the existing GSM network, in a form known as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), but these services, known as 2.5G, were fairly rudimentary and did not achieve much mass-market success.Template:Citation needed
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) had prepared the specifications for a 3G mobile service that included several technologies. Ericsson pushed hard for the WCDMA (wideband CDMA) form based on the GSM standard and began testing it in 1996. Japanese operator NTT Docomo signed deals to partner with Ericsson and Nokia, who came together in 1997 to support WCDMA over rival standards. DoCoMo was the first operator with a live 3G network, using its own version of WCDMA called FOMA. Ericsson was a significant developer of the WCDMA version of GSM, while US-based chip developer Qualcomm promoted the alternative system CDMA2000, building on the popularity of CDMA in the US market. This resulted in a patent infringement lawsuit that was resolved in March 1999<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> when the two companies agreed to pay each other royalties for the use of their respective technologies and Ericsson purchased Qualcomm's wireless infrastructure business and some R&D resources.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>
Ericsson issued a profit warning in March 2001. Over the coming year, sales to operators halved.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mobile telephones became a burden; the company's telephones unit made a loss of SEK 24 billion in 2000. A fire in a Philips chip factory in New Mexico in March 2000 caused severe disruption to Ericsson's phone production,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> dealing a coup de grâce to Ericsson's mobile phone hopes. Mobile phones would be spun off into a joint venture with Sony, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, in October 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Ericsson launched several rounds of restructuring, refinancing and job-cutting; during 2001, staff numbers fell from 107,000 to 85,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A further 20,000 went the next year,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 11,000 more in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A new rights issue raised SEK 30 billion to keep the company afloat. The company had survived as mobile Internet started growing. With record profits, it was in better shape than many of its competitors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The emergence of full mobile Internet began a period of growth for the global telecom industry, including Ericsson. After the launch of 3G services in 2003,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> people started to access the Internet using their telephones.
Ericsson was working on ways to improve WCDMA as operators were buying and rolling it out; it was the first generation of 3G access. New advances included IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) and the next evolution of WCDMA, called High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA). It was initially deployed in the download version called HSDPA; the technology spread from the first test calls in the US in late 2005<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to 59 commercial networks in September 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> HSPA would provide the world's first mobile broadband.
Around 2000, companies and governments began to push for standards for mobile Internet. In May 2000, the European Commission created the Wireless Strategic Initiative,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a consortium of four telecommunications suppliers in Europe – Ericsson, Nokia, Alcatel (France) and Siemens (Germany) – to develop and test new prototypes for advanced wireless communications systems. Later that year, the consortium partners invited other companies to join them in a Wireless World Research Forum in 2001.<ref name="InfoWorld p. 77-IA1">Template:Cite book</ref> In December 1999, Microsoft
and Ericsson announced a strategic partnership to combine the former's web browser and server software with the latter's mobile-internet technologies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2000, the Dot-com bubble burst with marked economic implications for Sweden. Ericsson, the world's largest producer of mobile telecommunications equipment, shed thousands of jobs, as did the country's Internet consulting firms and dot-com start-ups. In the same year, Intel, the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer, signed a $1.5 billion deal to supply flash memory to Ericsson over the next three years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The short-lived partnership, called Ericsson Microsoft Mobile Venture, owned 70/30 percent by Ericsson and Microsoft respectively, ended in October 2001 when Ericsson announced it would absorb the former joint venture and adopt a licensing agreement with Microsoft instead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The same month, Ericsson and Sony announced the creation of the mobile phone manufacturing joint venture: Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ten years later, in February 2012, Ericsson sold its stake in the joint venture; Ericsson said it wanted to focus on the global wireless market as a whole.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Lower stock prices and job losses affected many telecommunications companies in 2001. The major equipment manufacturers – Motorola (U.S.), Lucent Technologies (U.S.), Cisco Systems (U.S.), Marconi (UK), Siemens (Germany), Nokia (Finland), as well as Ericsson – all announced job cuts in their home countries and subsidiaries around the world. Ericsson's workforce worldwide fell during 2001 from 107,000 to 85,000.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>
In September 2001, Ericsson purchased the remaining shares in EHPT from Hewlett-Packard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Founded in 1993, Ericsson Hewlett Packard Telecom (EHPT) was a joint venture made up of 60% Ericsson interests and 40% Hewlett-Packard interests.<ref name="Bidault 2012 p. 64">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 2002, ICT investor losses topped $2 trillion and share prices fell by 95% until August that year. More than half a million people lost their jobs in the global telecom industry over the two years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The collapse of U.S. carrier WorldCom, with more than $107 billion in assets, was the biggest in U.S. history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The sector's problems caused bankruptcies and job losses, and led to changes in the leadership of several major companies. Ericsson made 20,000 more staff redundant and raised about $3 billion from its shareholders.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 2002, Infineon Technologies (then the sixth-largest semiconductor supplier and a subsidiary of Siemens) bought Ericsson's microelectronics unit for $400 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Co-operation with Hewlett-Packard did not end with EHPT; in 2003 Ericsson outsourced its IT to HP, which included Managed Services, Help Desk Support, Data Center Operations, and HP Utility Data Center. The contract was extended in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2005, Ericsson acquired the bulk of the troubled UK telecommunications manufacturer Marconi Company, including its brand name that dates back to the creation of the original Marconi Company by the "father of radio" Guglielmo Marconi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In September 2006, Ericsson sold the greater part of its defense business Ericsson Microwave Systems, which mainly produced sensor and radar systems, to Saab AB, which renamed the company to Saab Microwave Systems.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2007, Ericsson acquired carrier edge-router maker Redback Networks, and then Entrisphere, a US-based company providing fiber-access technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In September 2007, Ericsson acquired an 84% interest in German customer-care and billing software firm LHS, a stake later raised to 100%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2008, Ericsson sold its enterprise PBX division<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to Aastra Technologies, and acquired Tandberg Television, the television technology division<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> of Norwegian company Tandberg.
In 2009, Ericsson bought the CDMA2000 and LTE business of Nortel's carrier networks division for US$1.18 billion;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Bizitek, a Turkish business support systems integrator; the Estonian manufacturing operations of electronic manufacturing company Elcoteq; and completed its acquisition of LHS.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Acquisitions in 2010 included assets from the Strategy and Technology Group of inCode, a North American business and consulting-services company;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nortel's majority shareholding (50% plus one share) in LG-Nortel, a joint venture between LG Electronics and Nortel Networks providing sales, R&D and industrial capacity in South Korea, now known as Ericsson-LG; further Nortel carrier-division assets, relating from Nortel's GSM business in the United States and Canada; Optimi Corporation, a U.S.–Spanish telecommunications vendor specializing in network optimization and management;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Pride, a consulting and systems-integration company operating in Italy.
On 3 May 2013, Ericsson announced it would divest its power cable operations to Danish company NKT Holding.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 1 July 2013, Ericsson announced it would acquire the media management company Red Bee Media, subject to regulatory approval.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> The acquisition was completed on 9 May 2014.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> In September 2013, Ericsson completed its acquisition of Microsoft's Mediaroom business and televisions services, originally announced in April the same year. The acquisition makes Ericsson the largest provider of IPTV and multi-screen services in the world, by market share; it was renamed Ericsson Mediaroom.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> In September 2014, Ericsson acquired majority stake in Apcera for cloud policy compliance.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> In October 2015, Ericsson completed the acquisition of Envivio, a software encoding company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In April 2016, Ericsson acquired Polish and Ukrainian operations of software development company Ericpol, a long-time supplier to Ericsson.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Approximately 2,300 Ericpol employees joined Ericsson, bringing software development competence in radio, cloud, and IP.
On 20 June 2017, Bloomberg disclosed that Ericsson hired Morgan Stanley to explore the sale of its media businesses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Red Bee Media business was kept in-house as an independent subsidiary company, as no suitable buyer was found, but a 51% stake of the remainder of the Media Solution division was sold to private equity firm One Equity Partners, the new company being named MediaKind. The transaction was completed on 31 January 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In February 2018, Ericsson acquired the location-based mobile data management platform Placecast. Ericsson has since integrated Placecast's platform and capabilities with its programmatic mobile ad subsidiary, Emodo.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> In May 2018, SoftBank partnered with Ericsson to trial new radio technology.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2020, Ericsson acquired US-based carrier equipment manufacturer Cradlepoint for $1.1 billion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In November 2021, Ericsson announced it had reached an agreement to acquire Vonage for $6.2 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The acquisition completed in July 2022.<ref name=ericsson>Template:Cite news</ref> In January 2024, Ericson and MTN Group announced expansion of their partnership to boost their mobile financial services on Africa market, as the company appointed Michael Wallis-Brown as vice president responsible for global mobile financial services.<ref name=":0" />
In December 2024, Ericsson secured a multi-year extension deal worth billions with Bharti Airtel for the provision of 4G and 5G radio access network products and solutions. This agreement underscores the growing demand for advanced telecommunications infrastructure as the industry transitions to 5G technologies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:As of, members of the board of directors of LM Ericsson were: Leif Johansson, Jacob Wallenberg, Kristin S. Rinne, Helena Stjernholm, Sukhinder Singh Cassidy, Börje Ekholm, Ulf J. Johansson, Mikael Lännqvist, Zlatko Hadzic, Kjell-Åke Soting, Nora Denzel, Kristin Skogen Lund, Pehr Claesson, Karin Åberg and Roger Svensson.<ref name="boardofdir">Template:Cite web</ref>
Ericsson has structured its R&D in three levels depending on when products or technologies will be introduced to customers and users.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed Its research and development organization is part of 'Group Function Technology' and addresses several facets of network architecture: wireless access networks; radio access technologies; broadband technologies; packet technologies; multimedia technologies; services software; EMF safety and sustainability; security; and global services.<ref name="research">Template:Cite web</ref> The head of research since 2012 is Sara Mazur.<ref>New Head of Ericsson Research appointedTemplate:Webarchive. Ericsson press release, 25 October 2012</ref>
Ericsson hosts a developer program called Ericsson Developer Connection designed to encourage development of applications and services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ericsson also has an open innovation initiative for beta applications and beta API's & tools called Ericsson Labs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The company hosts several internal innovation competitions among its employees.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 2022, it was announced that Ericsson and Intel are pooling R&D excellence to create high-performing Cloud RAN solutions. The organisations have pooled to launch a tech hub in California, USA. The hub focuses on the benefits that Ericsson Cloud RAN and Intel technology can bring to: improving energy efficiency and network performance, reducing time to market, and monetizing new business opportunities such as enterprise applications.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Ericsson's business includes technology research, development, network systems and software development, and running operations for telecom service providers.<ref name="research" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and software<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ericsson offers end-to-end services for all major mobile communication standards,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and has three main business units.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite web</ref>
The company's network division has been described as a driver in the development of 2G, 3G, 4G/LTE and 5G technology, and the evolution towards all-IP,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and it develops and deploys advanced LTE systems,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but it is still developing the older GSM,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> WCDMA, and CDMA technologies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The company's networks portfolio also includes microwave transport, Internet Protocol (IP) networks, fixed-access services for copper and fiber, and mobile broadband modules, several levels of fixed broadband access,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> radio access networks from small pico cells to high-capacity macro cells and controllers for radio base stations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Ericsson's network rollout services employ in-house capabilities, subcontractors and central resources to make changes to live networks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Services such as technology deployment, network transformation, support services and network optimization are also provided.<ref name="ReferenceC" />
This unit provides core networks, Operations Support Systems such as network management and analytics, and Business Support Systems such as billing and mediation. Within the Digital Services unit, there is an m-Commerce offering, which focuses on service providers and facilitates their working with financial institutions and intermediaries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ericsson has announced m-commerce deals with Western Union<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and African wireless carrier MTN.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The unit is active in 180 countries; it supplies managed services,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> systems integration, consulting, network rollout, design and optimization, broadcast services, learning services and support.<ref name="ReferenceC">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The company also works with television and media, public safety, and utilities. Ericsson claims to manage networks that serve more than 1 billion subscribers worldwide,<ref name="ericsson2">Template:Cite web</ref> and to support customer networks that serve more than 2.5 billion subscribers.
Ericsson's Broadcast Services unit was evolved into a unit called Red Bee Media, which has been spun out into a joint venture. It deals with the playout of live and pre-recorded, commercial and public service television programmes, including presentation (continuity announcements), trailers, and ancillary access services such as closed-caption subtitles, audio description and in-vision sign language interpreters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its media management services consist of Managed Media Preparation and Managed Media Internet Delivery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB (Sony Ericsson) was a joint venture with Sony that merged the previous mobile telephone operations of both companies. It manufactured mobile telephones, accessories and personal computer (PC) cards. Sony Ericsson was responsible for product design and development, marketing, sales, distribution and customer services. On 16 February 2012, Sony announced it had completed the full acquisition of Sony Ericsson,<ref>Sony buys the rest of mobile phone firm Sony EricssonTemplate:Webarchive, BBC News</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> after which it changed name to Sony Mobile Communications, and nearly a year later it moved headquarters from Sweden to Japan.
As a joint venture with Sony, Ericsson's mobile telephone production was moved into the company Sony Ericsson in 2001. The following is a list of mobile phones marketed under the brand name Ericsson.
Ericsson GS88 – Cancelled mobile telephone Ericsson invented the "Smartphone" name for
Ericsson R520m – Similar to the T39, but in a candy bar form factorTemplate:Clarify and with added features such as a built-in speakerphone and an optical proximity sensor
Ericsson R520m UMTS – Prototype to test UMTS networks
Ericsson R520m SyncML – Prototype to test the SyncML implementation
Ericsson R580m – Announced in several press releases. Supposed to be a successor of the R380s without external antenna and with color display
Ericsson Mobile Platforms existed for eight years; on 12 February 2009, Ericsson announced it would be merged with the mobile platform company of STMicroelectronics, ST-NXP Wireless, to create a 50/50 joint venture owned by Ericsson and STMicroelectronics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
This joint venture was divested in 2013 and remaining activities can be found in Ericsson Modems and STMicroelectronics. Ericsson Mobile Platform ceased being a legal entity early 2009.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 7 December 2019, Ericsson agreed to pay more than $1.2 billion (€1.09 billion) to settle U.S. Department of JusticeFCPA criminal and civil investigations into foreign corruption. US authorities accused the company of conducting a campaign of corruption between 2000 and 2016 across China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Kuwait and Djibouti. Ericsson admitted to paying bribes, falsifying books and records and failing to implement reasonable internal accounting controls in an attempt to strengthen its position in the telecommunications industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The leak also revealed that some subcontractors working on behalf of Ericsson paid bribes to the Islamic State in order to continue operating the telecom network in occupied regions of Iraq.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
John Meurling; Richard Jeans (1994). A switch in time: AXE – creating a foundation for the information age. London: Communications Week International. Template:ISBN.
John Meurling; Richard Jeans (1997). The ugly duckling. Stockholm: Ericsson Mobile Communications. Template:ISBN.
John Meurling; Richard Jeans (2000). The Ericsson Chronicle: 125 years in telecommunications. Stockholm: Informationsförlaget. Template:ISBN.
The Mobile Phone Book: The Invention of the Mobile Telephone Industry. Template:ISBN.
Mobile media and applications – from concept to cash: successful service creation and launch. Template:ISBN.
Anders Pehrsson (1996). International Strategies in Telecommunications. London: Routledge Research. Template:ISBN.
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