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Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox artist Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> Template:IPA; 2 August 1834 – 4 October 1904) was a French sculptor and painter. He is best known for designing Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty.<ref name="Apletons_1900">Template:Cite Appletons'</ref>

Early life and education

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File:Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi.jpg
Bartholdi in 1886 (painting by Jean Benner)

Bartholdi was born in Colmar, France, on 2 August 1834.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was born to a family of Alsatian Protestant heritage, with his family name adopted from Barthold.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA">Template:Cite web</ref> His parents were Jean Charles Bartholdi (1791–1836) and Augusta Charlotte Bartholdi (Template:Nee; 1801–1891). Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi was the youngest of their four children, and one of only two to survive infancy, along with the oldest brother, Jean-Charles, who became a lawyer and editor.Template:Citation needed

Bartholdi's father, a property owner and counselor to the prefecture, died when Bartholdi was two years old.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA" /> Afterwards, Bartholdi moved with his mother and his older brother Jean-Charles to Paris, where another branch of their family resided.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA" /> With the family often returning to spend long periods of time in Colmar,<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA" /> the family maintained ownership and visited their house in Alsace, which later became the Bartholdi Museum in 1922.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While in Colmar, Bartholdi took drawing lessons from Martin Rossbach. In Paris, he studied sculpture with Antoine Étex. He also studied architecture under Henri Labrouste and Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/>

Bartholdi attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris and received a baccalauréat in 1852. He then went on to study architecture at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-ArtsTemplate:Citation needed as well as painting under Ary Scheffer<ref name="Apletons_1900"/><ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/> in his studio in the Rue Chaptal, now the Musée de la Vie Romantique.Template:Citation needed Later, Bartholdi turned his attention to sculpture, which afterward exclusively occupied him and his life.<ref name="Apletons_1900"/>

Career

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Early sculptures and work in Colmar

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File:Frederic Auguste Bartholdi seated portrait.jpg
Bartholdi early in his career

In 1853, Bartholdi submitted a Good Samaritan-themed sculptural group to the Paris Salon of 1853. The statue was later recreated in bronze. Within two years of his Salon debut, Bartholdi was commissioned by his hometown of Colmar to sculpt a bronze memorial of Jean Rapp, a Napoleonic General.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/> In 1855 and 1856, Bartholdi traveled in Yemen and Egypt with travel companions such as Jean-Léon Gérôme and other "orientalist" painters. The trip sparked Bartholdi's interest in colossal sculpture.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/>

In 1869, Bartholdi returned to Egypt to propose a new lighthouse to be built at the entrance of the Suez Canal, which was newly completed. The lighthouse, which was to be called Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia and shaped as a massive, draped figure holding a torch, was not commissioned.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/> Both the khedive and Lesseps declined the proposed statue from Bartholdi, citing the high cost.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Port Said Lighthouse was built instead, by François Coignet in 1869.

The war and Statue of Liberty

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File:Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty.png
Bartholdi sculpting with a miniature of Liberty Enlightening the World, now known as the Statue of Liberty, to his left

Bartholdi served in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 as a squadron leader of the National Guard, and as a liaison officer to Italian General Giuseppe Garibaldi, representing the French government and the Army of the Vosges.Template:Citation needed As an officer, he took part in the defense of Colmar from Germany. Distraught over his region's defeat, over the following years he constructed a number of monuments celebrating French heroism in the defense against Germany. Among these projects was the Lion of Belfort, which he started working on in 1871, not finishing the massive sandstone statue until 1880.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/>

In 1871, he made his first trip to the United States, where he pitched the idea of a massive statue gifted from the French to the Americans in honor of the centennial of American independence. The idea, which had first been broached to him in 1865 by his friend Édouard René de Laboulaye, resulted in the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/> After years of work and fundraising, the statue was inaugurated in 1886.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/> During this period, Bartholdi also sculpted monuments for other American cities, such as the Bartholdi Fountain in Washington, D.C., completed in 1878.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/>

Later years

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In 1875, he joined the Freemasons Lodge Alsace-Lorraine in Paris.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Giuseppe Seganti, Massoni Famosi, Rome, Atanòr, 2005, Template:ISBN.</ref> In 1876, Bartholdi was one of the French commissioners in 1876 to the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. There he exhibited bronze statues of The Young Vine-Grower, Génie Funèbre, Peace and Genius in the Grasp of Misery, receiving a bronze medal for the latter.<ref name="Apletons_1900" /> His 1878 statue Gribeauval became the property of the French state.<ref name="Apletons_1900" />

A prolific creator of statues, monuments, and portraits, Bartholdi exhibited at the Paris Salons until the year of his death in 1904.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA" /> He also remained active with diverse mediums, including oil painting, watercolor, photography, and drawing,<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA" /> and received the rank of Commander of the Legion of Honor in 1886. Bartholdi died of tuberculosis at age 70 in Paris on 4 October 1904. <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

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In 1876, he married Jeanne-Emile Baheux in Providence, Rhode Island.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/> In 1893, Bartholdi and his wife visited the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, where his Washington and Lafayette sculptural group was exhibited.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Throughout his life Bartholdi maintained his childhood family home in Colmar; in 1922, it was made into the Musée Bartholdi.<ref name="Bartholdi_NGA"/>

Major projects

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The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)

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File:Leslie Liberty.jpg
Front page of Frank Leslie's 13 June 1885 edition of Illustrated Newspaper

The work for which Bartholdi is most famous is Liberty Enlightening the World, better known as the Statue of Liberty. Soon after the establishment of the French Third Republic, the project of building some suitable memorial to show the fraternal feeling existing between the republics of the United States and France was suggested, and in 1874 the Union Franco-Américaine (Franco-American Union) was established by Edouard de Laboulaye.<ref name="Apletons_1900"/>

Bartholdi's hometown in Alsace had just passed into German control in the Franco-Prussian War. These troubles in his ancestral home of Alsace are purported to have further influenced Bartholdi's own great interest in independence, liberty, and self-determination.Template:Citation needed Bartholdi subsequently joined the Union Franco-Américaine, among whose members were Laboulaye, Paul de Rémusat, William Waddington, Henri Martin, Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, Oscar Gilbert Lafayette,<ref name="Apletons_1900"/> François Charles Lorraine, and Louis François Lorraine.Template:Clarify Template:Multiple image Bartholdi broached the idea of a massive statue, and once its design was approved, the Union Franco-Américaine raised more than 1 million francs throughout France for its building.<ref name="Apletons_1900"/> In 1879, Bartholdi was awarded design patent Template:US patent for the Statue of Liberty.Template:Clarify On 4 July 1880, the statue was formally delivered to the American minister in Paris, the event being celebrated by a great banquet.<ref name="Apletons_1900"/> In Template:Format date, the structure was officially presented as the joint gift of the French and American people, and installed on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor.<ref name="Apletons_1900"/> Originally, it arrived with chains presented in the left hand leading down to the feet, which was to represent the liberty of the United States from slavery. It was also originally the colour of copper to represent as such. The United States made a deal with Bartholdi that if the chains were to be removed from the upper part of the body, they could stay at the feet, but they, too, must be hidden. It was also rumoured in France that the face of the Statue of Liberty was modeled after Bartholdi's mother.<ref name="NPS_StatueLiberty_questions">"Frequently Asked Questions About the Statue of Liberty" on the United States National Park Service's Statue of Liberty website</ref> The statue is Template:Convert,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the top of the torch is at an elevation of Template:Convert from mean low-water mark.<ref>"Statue of Liberty: Frequently Asked Questions", National Park Service website</ref> It was the largest work of its kind that had been completed up to that time.<ref name="Apletons_1900"/>

Works in Colmar

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File:Bartoldi-Museum.JPG
Musée Bartholdi in Colmar

Bartholdi's hometown Colmar (modern political administrative region of Grand Est) has a number of statues and monuments by the sculptor, as well as a museum founded in 1922 in the house in which he was born, at 30 Rue des Marchands.

  • Monument du Général Rapp – 1856 (first shown 1855 in Paris. Bartholdi's earliest major work)
  • "Fontaine Schongauer" – 1863 (in front of the Unterlinden Museum)
  • "Fontaine de l'Amiral Bruat" – 1864
  • "Fontaine Roeselmann" – 1888
  • "Monument Hirn" – 1894
  • "Fontaine Schwendi", depicting Lazarus von Schwendi – 1898
  • Les grands soutiens du monde − 1902 (statue in the courtyard of the museum)

Other major works

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File:Bartholdi Fountain - Washington, D.C. crop.jpg
Bartholdi Fountain in Washington, D.C.

Bartholdi's other major works include a variety of statues at Clermont-Ferrand; in Paris, and in other places. Notable works include:

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The Statue of Liberty is a 1985 documentary film by Ken Burns which focuses on the statue's history and its impact on society.

Bartholdi's life and creation of Liberty Enlightening the World are also featured in the 2019 documentary film, Liberty: Mother of Exiles.

In the youtube series The Monument Mythos, various episodes in the first season document his life and works.

See also

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References

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Notes Template:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

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